Id, Ego and Superego The Tempest and Doctor Faustus - Literature Essay Samples

The most compelling characters in modern literature and plays are the ones whose motivations tend to be complex, thus demand a deeper analysis of which part of their conscious their decisions arise from – the impulsive Id, the balancing Ego, or the idealized Superego. The central characters of Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus and Shakespeare’s The Tempest when studied parallel to each other seem to share similar traits, yet both meet contrastingly differing ends. This outcome is solely decided by the choices they make in face of their respective struggles and whichever side of their conscious emerges victorious. In Freudian theory, the Id is the part of human conscious which contains all the base desires and ambitions. It operates on a pleasure principle that if let free, completely assumes control of the mind and cause the characters to make choices that seek delight without any rationale. While Faustus’ motivations are clearly seen to be led by his Id for nearly the entirety of the play, The Tempest’s Prospero makes decisions that seem sensible, muddying the boundaries that lie between the Id and the Ego. Faustus, who by profession begins as a doctor in Wittenberg, dismisses academic disciplines and eschews religion as means of achieving the satisfaction he seeks, drunk on his arrogance of knowing everything they offer. He turns to magic and occult to achieve his ambitious and rather grandiose goals. When Faustus obtains the authority over the devil Mephistopheles in exchange for his soul, he seems to have continuous doubts over his decision to forsake heaven, but his Id wipes out all reason that do not serve fulfillment of his desires. As seen from the lines, â€Å"The god thou serv’st is thine own apetite† (Marlowe, page 62) and â€Å"I am resolv’d Faustus shall not repent† (page 68), he is so empowered by his own lofty goals, he turns away divinity. In contrast, perhaps the most defining motive powered by Id Prospero carries is the ambition for retribution against his brother. He wrecks the ship of the King and his men to further his plot of revenge, to draw deepest apologies for their wrongdoings and restore his dukedom. On the other side of the seesaw of human consciousness sits the Superego. Representing the moral conscience and the idealized self a person conjures of themselves, it is an oft unrealized part in reality. Just as John Faustus’ id becomes his instrument of personal destruction, Prospero’s superego blinds him to the fact that he can commit any wrong. Faustus envisions illusions of grandeur due to his superego, using his powers to rearrange Europe and become the emperor of Germany (Marlowe, page 60, 106-113), acquire eternal knowledge and omnipotence. There are touches of superego in the instances when Lucifer and Mephistopheles dissuade him from the path of God, from repentance and marriage and appeal to his id instead (page 69-70) until it is too late to seek God’s grace anymore. Prospero carries such an idealized version of himself, it acquires him a godlike ego. He does not seem to realize that his pursuit of knowledge and occult causes him to grow irresponsible and give up the control of government to his brother. â€Å"The love people bore me† (Shakespeare, Scene I, Act ii) paints Prospero as one who thinks he was wronged without reason. Prospero raises his daughter, Miranda, with his own rigid morality and keeps her firmly under his own influence, barely allowing her to develop her own free will. In the end, i t is his Superego that intervenes with guilt over his actions. He changes his mind about exacting revenge when confronted with a similar attempt on his life by Caliban, instead choosing to forsake his powers and return to society and live a life of comfort. He beseeches forgiveness for his sins, and ultimately achieves some semblance of redemption. Both Prospero and Faustus turn to occult and magic to achieve greatness and cause their downfall. But while Prospero gives up his magic at the chance for a peaceful life without regret, Faustus fails to do so despite repeated chances given to him during the play. Rationale balances itself in the middle of impulsive desire and self-idealized pride and chooses to call itself Ego. The Ego weighs the desires of id and acts according to the side the scales tip on: in a way that best mitigates personal distress. While Prospero cultivates an Ego that is so empowering that he manipulates almost the entire circumstance for his benefit, Faustus’ ego breaks itself down almost completely and sways his decisions towards the temptations of id and sells his soul to Lucifer against better judgement. Unlike Faustus, Prospero’s Ego alleviates him to a godlike position on the island he touches on, by virtue of being cultured and educated and thus possessing power. He controls all the elements in his play, having learnt from his folly of underestimating human nature for treachery, and thus leaves zero room for anyone to go against his wishes or plans. He orchestrates the love between Ferdinand and Miranda (Shakespeare, Scene 1 Act ii) to achieve an end that serves a higher overarching purpose. Caliban, an unfortunate individual who resided on the island before Prospero, is regarded by him as a brute, who he decides to bestow his knowledge on. To Caliban, Prospero is a cruel god who has wrestled away the control of the land that is rightfully his. It is important to realize that Prospero seems to not grasp the irony in the parallels drawn, between Antonio usurping him merely because he was more capable and Prospero doing the same to Caliban. Authors like Marlowe and Shakespeare tend to weave in the surprising complexities of human nature into their primary characters. Be it delving into the ugly, visceral side of humanity like anger or covetousness or its beautiful capacity for repentance and love; all of it serves an underlying purpose. They leave enough space for the audience to either consider it as a simple entertainment if they wish it or analyze the deeper themes of morality, divinity or human character and draw their own conclusions. And undoubtedly, evidence suggests that the interplay between Id, Ego and Superego colours each and every choice Faustus and Prospero make. By forsaking ego and divinity in his pursuit for power, Faustus’ mental degradation and tragic end comes of his own doing. In contrast, as a result of forsaking the very thing that caused Prospero to be cast from his kingdom and repenting on his sins, he sets off for a life of luxury and acceptance with his daughter.

An Evaluation Of The Government Solution On Homelessness...

An evaluation of the government solution on homelessness Family is such a simple word and many people take their own family and home for granted. However, Australian society still has people, who can not enjoy the advantage of a family life, and do not have shelter. On census night in 2011, 17% in every 10,000 people were estimated to be homeless. The present situation is, 39% of the homeless people live in overcrowded houses and approximately 20% people live in supported houses (ABS 2012). The latest definition of homelessness is, people who live in temporary houses, have no tenure and do not have enough space for social relations (Justin 2006). Homelessness is a growing problem in Australia and it has spread quickly and influences to different kind of people. The rapid increase of homeless issues has influenced various people and the government should put forward corresponding solutions for these causes. This essay will introduce five main reasons which cause homelessness and the government attitude and will describe three homelessness issues and evaluate each of them respectively. There are five major reasons to cause homelessness. The widespread reason of homelessness was mental illness and addiction. And then, it is family breakdown, especially domestic violence. The third is economic problems, including unemployment and poverty. Next, it is a scarcity of affordable housing. The last reason is government does not provide enough service for people. Homelessness is aShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of The Article Program Evaluation Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The article Program Evaluation: Strategies to Facilitate Agencies’ Use of Evaluation in Program Management and Policy Making discusses the United States Government Accountability Office attempting to view how various federal agencies utilize program evaluations The Government Accountability Office (GOA) â€Å"examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policyRead MoreHomelessness Is A Major Social Crisis Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesSan Francisco has a homelessness problem, yet that problem can be solved. The problem of homelessness in San Francisco can be observed by taking a stroll through an area such as the Tenderloin District or Haight Ashbury. In these places, homeless people are plentiful, yet they are almost always overlooked by the other San Franciscans who use those areas to work and play. Providing permanent housing (as opposed to places at shelters) to chronically homeless people has been proven to be an efficientRead MoreHomelessness in the United States Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness, â€Å"approximately 3.5 million people are homeless each year, while 36.3 million live in households without enough food.† This statistic only reflects the United States, and to many people, it just doesn’t make sense. For instance Alfredzine Black of the YWCA in Marion, Indiana says, â€Å"I don’t understand why we have so much poverty in the richest country in the world!† Citizens of the United States have a hard time defining andRead MoreAnalysis Of Loyola University Chicago s Mission Statement896 Words   |  4 Pagesbackground people seeking for assistance may come from. They are willing to provide assistance through funds, referrals, case managements, emergency shelter, clothing, food pantry, information on governme nt benefit screening, basic needs, and social services. After a case study, and some questions, Homelessness Prevention Call center (HPCC) assistance determines what types of assistance the person might need. If they are not able to provide such assistance, they will refer them to other agency. ThroughRead MoreLong Term And Chronic Homelessness Essay851 Words   |  4 Pages Housing First is a program that presents continual solutions to long-term homelessness. The program s goal is to produce sufficient permanent supportive housing to end long-term and chronic homelessness. The primary objective is to help families and individuals secure a permanent resident so they can take advantage of social services to support their new life. The need for programs like Housing First is due to the rise in poverty and the growing shortage of affordable housing for the homelessRead MoreHomeless Strategy Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesHomeless Family Strategy: A Policy Evaluation Modern Public Administration Professor W. H. Roberts The case at hand addresses the crisis of homelessness in Seattle. Mayor Schell attempts to tackle the problem and makes a pledge to end the epidemic that he may or may not be able to keep. Specifically, the mayor pledges in June that by Christmas 1998 there will not be homeless women or children living on the streets of his cities (Electronic Hallway). This pledge garneredRead MoreEssay on Homelessness in the United States1520 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness in the United States During the 1980’s the number of homeless people, those without a house in which to reside, increased at an alarming rate. Many analysts have given much time and thought as to the reasons that this phenomenon occurred. They cite economic instability and government policies with facts and figures to support their work. Beyond the research and cold statistics that explain this event, are the victims, and those that worked to help relieve their hardship. An interviewRead MoreSubstance Abuse - Social Pandemic1653 Words   |  7 Pagesof substance abuse negatively and often ties substance abuse with such issues as crime rates and homelessness. Although substance abuse is a social problem, it is also a disease and mental illness that can be directly correlated to a person’s race, class, and gender, and it is important to also acknowledge these factors before society can begin to fully understand the problem and develop a solution. The media plays an important role in current events that is shared with the nation, whether itRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )859 Words   |  4 Pageswant to help fight against PTSD and other mental traumas that come from being in the military. Licensed professional counselors for military personnel and their families. A confidential non-medical counseling in short term (up to 12 sessions) and solution-focused. It is intended to prevent the development or exacerbation of lifestyle conditions that may compromise military and family life. Counseling programs provide confidential counseling to active duty members, National Guard, reserve service membersRead MoreImproving The Performance Of Rapid Re Housing Programs And Lower The Rate Of Individuals / Families Essay1871 Words   |  8 Pagesperformance of Rapid Re-Housing programs and lower the rate of individuals/families returning back to homelessness is to emulate the model that NYC has been following for the past few years. A few years ago NYC launched the Home to Stay program (Bornstein, 2014). Home to Stay is a partnership between New York’s Department of Homeless Services and four other organizations committed to fighting homelessness (Bornstein, 2014). Home to S tay uses an evidence-based protocol known as Family Critical Time Intervention

Physical Domain For Early Childhood - 1662 Words

The physical domain for early childhood involves â€Å"a slower growth pattern† (Berk, 2012, p. 290) from when the child was an infant. As both genders begin to thin in different regions of the body, the torso â€Å"lengthens and widens† as the â€Å"spine straightens† (Berk, 2012, p. 290). With â€Å"body proportions similar to those of adults† (Berk, 2012, p. 290), they do not bear much resemblance to the little cherub-faced infants they once were. This elongating and shaping of the body ultimately helps with motor coordination because the â€Å"posture and balance improve† (Berk, 2012, p. 290). The child observed, gch, was able to engage in different activities due to her abilities in motor function. During the first observation, she hopped across the room†¦show more content†¦318). He placed more of an emphasis on the play and motor activity improving cognitive thinking rather than language. Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget about c hildren’s mental abilities in his sociocultural theory, explaining the belief that â€Å"the child and the social environment collaborate to mold cognition in culturally adaptive ways† (Berk, 2012, p. 329). He proposed that â€Å"rapid growth of language broadens preschoolers’ participation in social dialogues with more knowledgeable individuals, who encourage them to master culturally important tasks† (Berk, 2012, p. 329). This enhances â€Å"the complexity of their thinking and ability to control their own behavior† (Berk, 2012, p. 329). Vygotsky, therefore, placed more emphasis on language than Piaget did, regarding it as â€Å"the foundation of all higher cognitive processes† (Berk, 2012, p. 360). As children grow and interact with adults aiding and teaching them through language, they ultimately learn how to think for themselves in their surroundings with the ability to speak internally and externally. Differing from the other two theories is information processing theory. This belief focuses on mental strategies of a child (Berk, 2012, p. 334). As they grow, they begin to â€Å"guide their own behavior [to] lead to more efficient and flexible ways of attending, manipulating information, and solving problems (Berk, 2012, p. 334). Out of theShow MoreRelatedLifespan Studies: Cognitive, Language, Social and Emotional, Physical and Holistic Development, and Discuss How Te Whariki Supports and Promotes the Development of Each Domain in the Early Childhood Sector.1113 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will describe five developmental domains, Cognitive, Language, Social and Emotional, Physical and Holistic Development, and discuss how Te Whariki supports and promotes the development of each domain in the early childhood sector. The definition of Cognitive Development as stated by the Encyclopaedia of Childrens Health, is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem-solving and decision-making from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. According toRead MoreHuman Development And The Lifespan Theory1246 Words   |  5 Pageson the major domains of the Human Development and the Lifespan Theory. The major domains of the human developments are Physical/Biological System, Cognitive System, Emotional System, and Social Systems. Each domain s focus on things which shapes an individual life. Physical/biological system domain focuses on the genetical foundation of a person. For example, the changes in body weight or appearance; however, this could affect an individual s other three domains. The cognitive domain focuses onRead MoreThe Impact Of Sensory Processing Disorder On Development And Development1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdivided into eight different developmental periods. This essay will focus on the early childhood period that ranges from two to five or six years of age. Firstly, this essay will describe the typical developmental milestones during early childhood and how they play an important role in each developmental stage that follows. Secondly, it will analyse how the home and educational environments influence early childhood. Finally, it will define Auditory Processing Disorder and the characteristics ofRead MoreUnderstanding and Developing Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagestoddlerhood, throughou t early and middle childhood, and several theories for these milestones. Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, and Erik Erikson classify their different theories of the stages of life in three unique domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial/emotional. Infancy/Toddlerhood (0-3) and Domain Physical The physical domain of lifespan development is continually changing the human body physically throughout one’s life time. During the infancy and toddlerhood, these physical changes happen veryRead MoreIntegration Of Arts And The Arts798 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement, and the arts appeal to all five developmental domains, including cognitive, physical, social, emotional, as well as language development. Music is a very natural process and important part of children’s learning, growth, and development. Music helps build children’s literacy skills, as well as focuses of the five developmental domains. â€Å"Early interaction with music positively affects the quality of all children’s lives† (Early Childhood Education, n.d.). Successful interactions with musicRead MoreCognitive, Social, And Physical Development936 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive, Social Physical Development Early Childhood Education emphasizes the development of the whole child: Cognitive, social and physical. Some educators emphasize the cognitive domain, neglecting social and physical development. Student learning is enhanced when teachers incorporate the three domains into planning and implementation of curriculum. This paper will investigate how cognitive, social, and physical domains of development are inextricably linked and how they affect the developmentRead MoreEssay on The NYS Early Learning Guidelines641 Words   |  3 PagesThe NYS Early Learning Guidelines were created as a reference guide by the Early Childhood Advisory Council (ECAC) for those who are responsible for the care and education of young children. These guidelines can help early childhood professionals with learning and developing their skills in order to foster children’s growth and development. The guideline focuses on the five domains: Physical well-being, Health and Motor Development, Social and Emotional Development, Approaches to learning, CognitionRead MoreTechnology s Impact On Young Children1465 Words   |  6 Pagesexpressions. Therefore, children with less physical contact tend to have trouble developing social skills. Needless to say, there are also various benefits of the use of technology if integrated appropriately into the early childhood curriculum design. However, the benefits usually tend to get easily overlooked by the negatives. This paper will examine the effects of technology on young children and how it supports their development in all domains including physical, cognitive, and social. I will discussRead MoreCurrent Perspectives Of Psychology And Human Development Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluences of domains on human development across the lifespan and how they interrelate. The domains of development including Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Socio-cultural /or moral. Also some of the human lifespan stages are Prenatal (prior to birth), Infa ncy (0-2yrs), Early Childhood (2-5yrs), Middle Childhood/School Age (5-12yrs), and Adolescence (13-20yrs). The outline of this essay would identify the Prenatal and Emotional; Physical and Infancy; Cognitive and Early childhood; Emotional andRead MoreCharacteristics of children in middle childhood Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout human life. The early stages of development in children are important in their life span. Children in middle childhood are those who are in the age between 6 to 11 years old. Most children in middle childhood start their formal education in primary school. In this stage, they have more opportunities to expose themselves to people and environment they had never known. In general, children in middle childhood are characterized by 3 major domains which are physical, cognitive and psychosocial

What Makes A Success - 1157 Words

What is Success? In today’s society, people have different views or opinions about success. It could be wealth, fame, power, or respect. My parents, I feel, are very successful people. They go to work everyday to support me and pay bills. They make sure that I have everything I need and not my wants. In that case, I asked both of my parents what their definition of success is. My dad gave me a great example, high school. He said that finishing high school can be my success. He said success is achieving most goals that you set for yourself. For example, my goal was to get accepted by Florida Atlantic University. Fortunately, that goal has been accomplished. My mom also gave me her definition of success is and how it is measured. She†¦show more content†¦Reporters spend on a lot of time interviewing people and investigating stories that could later be breaking news. Reporters are always traveling and spend no time in the office. This occupation is full time. The work is often hastily, with high demands to meet deadlines and to be the first reporter to publish a news story on a subject (Reporters, Correspondents, and Broadcast News Analysts). Reporters may need to work long hours or change their work schedule in order to follow breaking news (Reporters, Correspondents, and Broadcast News Analysts). News stories can happen at anytime of the day so journalists work night and weekdays ((Reporters, Correspondents, and Broadcast News Analysts). There are a few job qualifications for attaining a job like this. A bachelor’s degree in communications or journalism is the most favorable asset when evaluated by employers. They always recommend one to have experience with print or broadcasting preferably in the field (Reporter Training Information). Any kind of education should contain experience through internships or part-time work through a broadcast station. Further experience can be gained working at any school, U.S. Armed Forces, or station publi cations. Students should also apply for journalism based scholarships offered by many colleges and foundations (Reporter Training Information). Reporters typically begin their careers at smaller stations or publications and move on to larger ones later in their career.

The House on Mango Street - Characterization Essay

Esperanza: the Person Behind the Print In The House on Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros, a little girl from a Latino heritage is given birth to. Not literally, but in the sense of characterization. Esperanza is a fictional character made up by Cisneros to bring about sensitive, alert, and rich literature. She is the protagonist in the novel and is used to depict a female’s life growing up in the Latino section of Chicago. Cisneros creates the illusion that Esperanza is a real human being to communicate the struggles of growing up as a Latina immigrant in a modern world, by giving her a name, elaborating her thoughts and feelings, and illustrating her growth as a person through major events. To give a character life they first have to†¦show more content†¦It means sadness, it means waiting† (10). Not only is Esperanza’s name a way to trace her origin but it is also symbolic to the book as a whole. Her name illustrates how the Spanish inside her is sad and it is putting her in a position that is weighing her down and keeping her from becoming someone. The English counterpart is what is keeping her going and motivated to find a way to escape Mango Street and all it encompasses. Just like a genuine immigrants dream when they come to America, Esperanza’s name means â€Å"hope† and she uses this hope for a better life to â€Å"One day I will pack my bags of books and paper. One day I will say goodbye to Mango. I am too strong for her to keep me here forever. One day I will go away† (110). Cisneros uses the name of her character to give her a place in a Latino setting and start expounding on her thoughts and feelings that come with that life. Thoughts and feelings are human characteristics which distinct us from one another and cannot be duplicated or falsified. Cisneros bestows the feature of an internal view on Esperanza by having her speak of her thoughts and feelings in first person narrative throughout the novel. Cisneros starts acquainting this feature early in the story for such topics as laughter: â€Å"Nenny and I don’t look like sisters†¦not right away. Not the way you can tell with Rachel and Lucy who have the same fat popsicle lips like everybody else in their family. But me and Nenny, we are more alike than you wouldShow MoreRelatedThe House On Mango Street Analysis1020 Words   |  5 PagesIn Cisneros’s The House on Mango Street, Cisneros uses her Hispanic heritage to characterize the protagonist, Esperanza. In the novella, the obstacles caused by Esperanza’s background, such as racism and cultural standards set towards women, causes some self-doubt as she struggles to discover who she is and who she has the potential to become. Esperanza struggles with discovering how her Mexican culture impacts how she and others will view herself as an individual and how her culture impacts theRead MoreAnalysis Of CisnerosThe House On Mango Street742 Words   |  3 P agesfirst know your own.† (Laurrel K. Hamilton) Throughout the many vignettes, indirect characterization, vivid imagery and eloquent metaphors are utilized in many ways to create a connection between the characters and the reader. These characters explore sexuality, gender, culture, ethnicity and many more crucial things that are all a part of growing up and figuring out who you are. In Cisneros’ The House on Mango Street the identity of a character is made up of the environment they are a part of. GenderRead MoreSince Its Publication In 1984, The House On Mango Street1551 Words   |  7 PagesSince its publication in 1984, The House on Mango Street grows in popularity within inner-city grade schools to universities across the country -- it is a coming of age tale for a Mexican-American girl named Esperanza Cordero living in a fictional poor neighborhood in Chicago called Mango Street. Though it is called a novel, Cisneros creates The House on Mango Street with forty-four vignettes that thoughtfully depicts Chicano culture and what are the roles of women in this society; as EsperanzaRead MoreAnalysis Of Sandra Cisneros s The House On Mango Street 1506 Words   |  7 Pagesdid it affect them is also crucial. In Sandra Cisneros novel, entitled The House on Mango Street,the story depicts a Latina girl who transform throughout her time being on Mango Street. The girl named Esperanza is to faced obstacles of female oppression that she witnesses in the life of women on her stre et who they depends on men to bring them out of the street. In The House on Mango Street, Cisneros uses characterization to express the idea that Esperanza changes due to her surroundings and by doingRead MoreJack London Is King By Alexander Supertramp1593 Words   |  7 Pagesand even detracts from the significance of McCandless’s death. Alex lived a life free of the suffocations that society embodied, and it seems as his intentions would not let the facts rule over his death after a life lived free. From The House on Mango Street: â€Å"and the man says, ‘This, this is a music box . . . It’s like all of a sudden he let go a million moths all over the dusty furniture and swan-neck shadows and in our bones . . . This, the old man says shutting the lid, this ain’t for sale†Read MoreZara Business Case15365 Words   |  62 Pages as CEO Josà © Maria Castellano put it, was that â€Å"Galicia is in the corner of Europe from the perspective of transport costs, which are very important to us given our business model.† 6 ZARA: Fast Fashion 703-497 Some of the same characterizations applied at a national level, to Inditex’s home base of Spain compared, for example, to Italy. Spanish consumers demanded low prices but were not considered as discriminating or fashion-conscious as Italian buyers—although Spain had advanced rapidlyRead MoreInstructive Text Types11631 Words   |  47 Pagesfunction One of the six functions is always the dominant function in a text and usually related to the type of text. 1.2 Beaugrand’s and Dressler’s typology Beaugrande and Dressler’s typology (1981) is less developed in its linguistic characterization but provides some useful hints in terms of its organisation of knowledge across types. Figure1 presents the defining features of the three basic text types. Figure 1 | DESCRIPTIVE | NARRATIVE | ARGUMENTATIVE | Knowledge | objects, situationsRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesof the movement, (2) the gradual rapprochement between the movement and the wider society, and (3) the impact of Rastafari on the evolution of Jamaicas indigenous popular culture. The internal development includes the emergence of a network of â€Å"houses† and â€Å"mansions† as the collective units of the movement,10 of a world view or ideology encoded in a variety of symbols, and of collective ritual activities, which initiate and conï ¬ rm individuals in the principles of Rastafari. With regard to the

Response to the Dilemma Caused to Caring Person Myassignmenthelp

Question: How Ethical Response To The Dilemma Do Caused To A Caring Person? Answer: Introduction This is a businessmanagement assignment dealing with ethical business issues involved in application of Artificial Intelligence used in cars. The person mentioned in the case study is John who is a consultant specialised in machine learning. Prior to the launching of the cars, certain tests and modelling of accident scenarios had to be done. It was ideal that the modelling was done prior to the cars getting released into the roads (Bostrom and Yudkowsky, 2014). Thus the current business report will provide ethical analysis with respect to various issues that get created from the case study. The ethical dilemma that could occur to John, the Artificial Intelligence consultant will be discussed. The impact of the AI driven cars on the consultant and the customers will be determined. These impacts will involve dilemmas. This will require ethical solutions and responses (Anderson and Anderson, 2011). Continuous application of principles will create dilemmas for which solutions have to be provided. The role and duties of the AI consultant have to be determined in such cases. Ethical responses will be provided to the dilemmas occurring to a reasonable man. There are six ethical values mentioned in the ACS Code of Professional Conduct. The code has to be examined and the requirements have to be explained with respect to the case study (Korb and Nicholson, 2010). The possible defences on ethical basis have to be discussed with respect to John. In the end, reasons and solutions to the ethical dilemma have to be provided. Ethical Analysis Ethical dilemma of John In the present case John is a paid employee of the electric car company. His decisions will be limited to his role. However he is supposed to be responsible towards the clients and has to ensure that their health and safety is taken care of. This is with respect to possible occurrences of accident. Tests and modelling had to be conducted to make sure that the cars were accident proof. On the other hand he had to make sure that the company he was working for earned profits from the project (Yampolskiy, 2013). He had to make sure that sufficient profits are made to cover up the cost of innovation. He has to make sure that technologymanagement is user friendly and at the same time include all necessary facets of innovation. The technology had to be made cost effective and at the same time useful for the customers. Ethical responses to John and customers of the cars The project will have different impacts on both John, the AI consultant and the customers of the cars. In case the technology is successful and is able to help autonomy of the customers, it would be in more demand in the market. The company would hire more consultants like John for developing the technology. On the basis of the profits earned, more expenditure will be made on the research and development. John and his team might get promoted for their contribution (Frankish and Ramsey, 2014). He might have better career prospective within the company. On the other hand if the technology fails and does not help the service users, his position in the company might be at risk. The company may sack off John and other people on the success of artificial intelligence. However the dilemma arising in such cases are the harmful impacts of artificial intelligence (Yampolskiy, 2013). Human effort cannot be reduced as there is continuous need for research and development. This is to ensure that future impacts on the customers of the cars are positive. Dilemma occurring from application of principles and Johns role in such scenarios When a certain set of principles are applied they may lead to a certain result. It can be either positive or negative in nature. In the present case scenario, the principles applied are in respect of using artificial intelligence in cars. However by simply following mechanical rules, the outcome becomes unpredictable. It is impossible to judge the success or failure of following a certain set of rules. In such cases the role of the AI consultant comes into play. He will be able to judge the direction or possible outcome of implementing certain methods. Human effort is required to ensure that certain outcomes are made favourable (Yampolskiy, 2012). Simply applying principles would provide results but beyond the control of the people. Thus logic and reason must be used simultaneously to reduce the uncertainty caused by the implementation of principles. Ethical response to the dilemma caused to a caring person Several dilemmas occur to a person of reason who works for an organisation. He has to keep a balance between his roles and responsibilities. He has to show his efficiency to his employers by ensuring that his work is productive and is profitable for the organisation. However they also have a moral responsibility towards the people who are going to be affected by the products or services that are provided to the people involved with the organisation (Frankish and Ramsey, 2014). Thus a balance has to be maintained to ensure that the service of the person is profitable as well as safe. Use of the ACS Code of Professional Conduct with respect to the case study ACS stands for Australian Computer Society. It encompasses people who are working in the field of communications and information technology. The code of professional conduct has been formulated for spreading the culture of business ethics and for the ultimate benefit of the end users of information technology. If the pertinent code is disregarded it could be used to penalise organisation on the ground of professional negligence ("ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards", 2014). Those organisations who neglect to follow the code are subject to disciplinary action on the part of ACS. Thus under the code there are certain values and requirements which have to be adhered by members of the society. The most important value is giving importance to public interest. This means that private and organisational interest should be kept aside by the electric car company and should focus more on interest of the general public. The company should ensure that the profit of the busine ss and the interests of the stakeholders are taken into consideration. However, they should ensure that they remain faithful and exercise their corporate social responsibility towards their customers ("ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards", 2014). Thus while conducting their activities they have to consult with stakeholders regarding any conflict arising due their professional activities. They also have take into account any legal requirements mentioned in any documents. The company in this case has to make sure that the development of information technologymanagement and communication leads to improvement in the quality of life of the society. This is because development of information technology has also created negative impacts. Thus the company should ensure that the artificial intelligence used in the cars result in enhancement of standards of life (Lin et al., 2011). The company should remain trustworthy to the public as well as stake holders. Thus the company should ensure that their decisions and actions are in line with integrity and honesty. The company should ensure that the clients are aware of all information regarding the application of artificial intelligence. The company should deliver only that service for which they have confidence and competence. They should take responsibility of their work. They should continuously involve in research and development to keep their skills up to date (Muehlhauser and Salamon, 2012). They should adh ere to professional standards and maintain the image of the of the ICT industry. Defences for John John cannot be held responsible for passing the mechanisms of the car since it was the decision of the company to carry out the launch at the earliest. He had already mentioned to the CEO and the IT managers regarding the modelling of accidents scenarios being incomplete since he knew the ultimate impact could be problematic. Conclusion The instant assignment is in the form of a business report. In the case study the electric car company had breached the code of ethics as they had taken steps which were contrary to public welfare. They did not complete the safety tests and accident scenario modelling which had put the safety of the public at risk (Burmeister, 2013). John had taken sufficient safety measures and was still intent to continue the tests for some more time. It seems that the company had succumbed to profit motives and personal interests. They have flouted the primary value mentioned under the code of conducts mentioned in the rules of Australian Computer Society. References ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards. (2014).www.acs.org.au. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-documents/ACS%20Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf Anderson, M., Anderson, S. L. (Eds.). (2011).Machine ethics. Cambridge University Press. Bostrom, N., Yudkowsky, E. (2014). The ethics of artificial intelligence.The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, 316-334. Burmeister, O. K. (2013). Achieving the goal of a global computing code of ethics through an international-localisation hybrid.Ethical Space,10(4), 25-32. Frankish, K., Ramsey, W. M. (Eds.). (2014).The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence. Cambridge University Press. Korb, K. B., Nicholson, A. E. (2010).Bayesian artificial intelligence. CRC press. Lin, P., Abney, K., Bekey, G. A. (2011).Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robotics. MIT press. Muehlhauser, L., Salamon, A. (2012). Intelligence explosion: Evidence and import. InSingularity Hypotheses(pp. 15-42). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Yampolskiy, R. (2012). Leakproofing the singularity artificial intelligence confinement problem.Journal of Consciousness Studies,19(1-2), 194-214. Yampolskiy, R. V. (2013). Artificial intelligence safety engineering: Why machine ethics is a wrong approach. In Projectmanagement and Theory of Artificial Intelligence(pp. 389-396). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Alternative Products Their Research Costs †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Alternative Products Their Research Costs? Answer: Introducation From the case study, it has been analysed that there are different accounts associated with the audit program. This audit mainly includes accounts receivable, current investments, property assets, intangible assets and research as well as development capitalisation. Account receivables are the amount which is received by the companies on delivery of goods or services to the customers. It is important for the companies to monitor their account receivables as decides the credit worthiness of the customers. The current assets which are accounted in the balance sheet of companies are defined by the current investments (Stewart and Shamdasani, 2014). The amount of net worth for the companies is calculated on the basis of present liabilities and assets and is decided by the proper assets. The assets which are not physical by nature are mainly comes under intangible assets. This mainly includes intellectual property like patents, copyrights, business methodologies or trademarks. The activit ies expenses which are required to improve or create process or products come under research development capitalisation. It is difficult to analyse the future expenses of assets comes under research development capitalisation. Accounts receivable can be analysed using days required for trade receivables. From 2017, it is analysed that company takes too much time to receive its money from the customers that is about 83.07 days while unaudited which is not a good sign for the company. However, company has taken fewer days to receive its amount in year 2016 and 2015 which is about 60.65 days and 53.24 respectively. Current investment is analysed using current ratio. From 2017 (unaudited), data, it is analysed that current ratio of company is about 1.80 which is better that the previous years that is 2015 and 2016 which indicates that company is able to manage its short term obligations but creates issue to manage their working capital (Fung, 2014). Property assets can be analysed using net profit margin ratio. On comparing ratio for all three years, it is analysed that net profit margin for the company has been significantly reduced for the company which indicates that the company is not able to generate esti mated sales and has affected its overall profits. In addition, return on equity ratio has been significantly reduced in 2017 as compared with past two years that is 2015 and 2016. This has comes about 7.19% which indicates that accounts receivable for the company has been decreasing. The company has also observed downfall in its return on total assets as compared with past two years that has also affected the account receivable for the company. It has also been analysed that gross profits has been significantly increased in present year that is 2017 as compared with 2015 and 2015 whereas, net profits has been decreased in the same duration which is not a good sign for the company (Power and Gendron, 2015). The liability of company has also been increased as it has borrowed about $5 million from bankers. It is also analysed from the case study that the tangible property market value for the company has been declined which indicates that company needs not to invest more on property assets as will affect vale for the existed property a ssets of the company. From the case study, it has been analysed that there are so many possibilities for the audit risk in the present scenario. The errors or invalid values within the financial statements of the company or data misrepresentation by the management may also create lots of audit risk for the auditor. The manager of accounts can also misguide the auditor by increasing the capital for the accounts receivables within the balance sheet in order to indicate more earnings (Zadek et al, 2013). It is also analysed from case study that company has approximately borrowed $5 million from bankers which is represent high value of liability that can be used by the company to impress their auditor by decreasing borrowing amount from the balance sheet and wrongly guide the auditor by hiding true financial position of the company within the marketplace. It has been analysed that property value for the company is reduced in 2017 and in that case if manager tries to enhance property va lue will surely raise audit risk for the company in terms of property assets. Audit steps to reduce risk: There are different steps which can be taken in order to reduce overall audit risks for the company by the auditors. This mainly includes, Use of software for audits: It is evident that there are more chances for errors within the auditing while done in the manual manner. In order to avoid audit risks, software can be used by the auditors as they are more feasible and reliable than the manual process (Dennis, 2015). Audit software certainly enhances operational efficiency of the auditors as facilitates automatic calculations where auditor is just requires to insert appropriate data and will able to track all the financial transactions happened in the company in more effective manner. Avoid rounding of numbers: The auditor needs to use the exact value or number during the auditing process. The auditor needs to avoid usage of rounded numbers or figures as will eventually enhance mores chances for audit risks. Accurate information of tax returns: The auditor needs to prepare their report on the basis of reports associated with the tax returns made by the companies (Dennis, 2015). This will surely help the auditors to reduce overall risks within the audits. Business risks: From the case study, it is analysed that company is prone to several business risks which mainly includes, Alternative products and their research costs: It is analysed that the company has conducted research for developing new device for laser surgery in 2016 and for that has borrowed about $5 million from bankers. But in 2017, its one of competitor has developed similar type of device and has also applied for its patent (Barton and Bruder, 2014). This was a huge setback for the company as it will not able to develop that device and will also face huge financial losses as invested huge money in order to develop the device. In addition, the company may also face huge challenge in case bankers will demand for repayment on immediate basis. Reduction in value of property assets: It has been analysed from case study that value for property assets of company has been significantly reduced in 2017 which will certainly affect overall business operations of the company for remaining of the year. Due to reduce value for the property, overall revenues for the company will be decreased and that will surely affect overall investments of the company which is a major business risk for any company. Strategic Risk: The companies which are performing their business operations with help of other companies are more prone to the strategic risks. Due to this, if desires or preferences of the customers may be changed will surely affect the business efficiency of the companies like GSPA in the present case (William et al, 2016). As the company is indulged in various activities like distribution for the medical equipments, investment within the property market, etc, then there will be more chances for the strategic risks for the business operations. Changes in technology: From the case study, it is analysed that the company is dedicated to develop new infrastructure of IT for its business operations. This step will surely enhance operational efficiency of the company but will create major challenge for the company to accomplish required skilled IT workforce to handle new systems (Knechel and Salterio, 2016). GPSA will not able to control its IT infrastructure with its existed employees and in order to accomplish that target, the company will require adequate IT training for the employees or needs to recruit new employees who are efficient enough to deal with the latest IT systems. Effective control is the process which assures effectiveness for business operations using internal auditing in order to effectively accomplish business objectives. Financial controller for the company is working towards internal control for business operations by implementation of new policies for control. The staff will be awarded with bonus on achieving their targets as decided by the company and this policy will help to enhance overall efficiency for the company which in result will also enhance profitability for the company (Furnham and Gunter, 2015). The company has also developed new infrastructure for IT system and also able to resolve its implementation problems with effective control system. This new system will help the company to manage their financial data in more accurate manner and also enable them to enhance their production level. From the case study, it is analysed that company has adopted several polices for controlling the audit risks. GPSA will award bonuses to their employees on achieving their targets as decided by the management. This strategy will surely motivates employee to enhance their performance level which tends to enhance overall sales for the company that will certainly beneficial for overall growth for business operations of the company (Louwers et al, 2015). In addition, the company has also introduced new IT system which surely helps the company to make automated calculations and more feasible financial statements for the company. This control strategy will reduce possibility for manual errors within the financial data and at the same time, also ensure privacy or confidentiality for financial data. This will also provide more accurate and reliable results and enable the management to take more adequate financial decisions. The audit procedure used by the auditors for testing effectiveness for control policies and also used by clients for detecting or monitoring possible risks is defined as test of control in audits. The company will give bonuses to employees on completion of their targets but this will not make sure that all employees will able to achieve their targets (Beasley, 2015). In addition, IT system developed by the company will not be more reliable or feasible for users in case not able to use it effectively. It will also create more risk for database as company has decided that there will be no requirement for the passwords in order to access or retrieve the data. Inadequate documentation: Documents are considered as vital factor for the business transactions of the company. The documents need to be accurately arranged or numbers in order to ensure business transactions are accurate or not (Louwers et al, 2015). The accountant will not able to describe sales or trade receivables if documents are not maintained in proper manner. Work duplication: There is more possibility of errors in case a single person is assigned with several tasks. The data can be recorded multiple times and will raise problems for auditor to effectively describe sales or trade receivables of the company. Approval from managers: This is the key factor which needs to be considered during the internal control for the sales as well as trade receivables (Furnham and Gunter, 2015). It should be mandatory that all cash transactions will not be performed without the approval of managers or top management of the company otherwise create more problems to control sales receivables. Hiring of ethical employee: If the company will recruit unethical employee then it will surely hamper overall business performance which will be major challenge for the company (Beasley, 2015). So, company needs to hire employee with immense dedication and have a character to perform as per organizational objectives. Unskilled accountants: If company will not recruit skilled employee to review different receivables then, it will be a big issue for internal control of trade or sales receivables. References: Barton, H. and Bruder, N. (2014) A guide to local environmental auditing.UK: Routledge. Beasley, M. (2015) Auditing cases: An interactive learning approach. USA: Prentice Hall. Dennis, I. (2015) Auditing Theory.UK: Routledge. Fung, S. (2014) Hong Kong Auditing: Economic Theory Practice. HK: City University of HK Press. Furnham, A. and Gunter, B. (2015) Corporate Assessment (Routledge Revivals): Auditing a Company's Personality.UK: Routledge. Knechel, W. and Salterio, S. (2016) Auditing: Assurance and risk. UK: Taylor Francis. Louwers, T., Ramsay, R., Sinason, D., Strawser, J. and Thibodeau, J. (2015) Auditing assurance services.UK: McGraw-Hill Education. Power, M. and Gendron, Y. (2015) Qualitative research in auditing: A methodological roadmap. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 34(2), pp.147-165. Stewart, D. and Shamdasani, P. (2014) Focus groups: Theory and practice (Vol. 20).USA: Sage publications. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D. (2016) Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach.UK: McGraw-Hill Education. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P. (2013) Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing.UK: Routledge.