Math Hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Math Hero - Essay Example Math is not left to interpretation but rather is either right or wrong. Furthermore, it is often too easy to become confused by sequences of numbers which ultimately lead to an answer which is also merely a set or group of more numbers. When one who is truly gifted in the area of Mathematics as well as the area of teaching mathematics is able to take arbitrary numbers and problems and turn them into an applied question leading to a specific answer, one can truly be said to be a math hero. This is truly the key to bridging the gap between the vast abyss of numbers and formulas, and the rest of the world as well as the universe. One way in which a math hero may achieve creating an interesting way of making math comprehensive to their students, is through visual aids such as props which are tangible, (eg. A mini composite of our universe, quantities of small objects and so on). It is one thing to count on one’s hand or copy numbers on to a blackboard but it is altogether something else to illustrate to students in a very tangible manner, how numbers and mathematics work. All of the answers to the world in which we live as well as the infinite riddles of the universe, is found in math. As complicated as this sounds, it is still reassuring to know that virtually every answer that we may possibly seek, is available in the proper mathematical application or formula. A math hero may in fact utilize the very data of the universe to help students better understand how to arrive at a quantitative solution. A math hero will also bare in mind that by teaching mathematics effectively to students, they are provid ing those students with endless future possibilities. An example of this is perhaps a student struggling desperately with the concept of algebra. A math hero will take this into consideration by using multiple analogies to convey the concept of the unknown figure is simple the employment of all other information provided within the

Sasa Background Essay Example for Free

Sasa Background Essay Sasa Company has about 240 of retail sale shops and counters in Asia area. Otherwise, in Asia, there have six main markets in Hong Kong, Mainland, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan and Macau. Also Sasa Company hired around 4000 employees. It sells more about 600 brands products, include skin-care product, perfume, toiletry, hairlogist, body-care product and beauty nutrition product. t is very popular in Asia because in Sasa there have more choice to give customer to buy, sometimes Sasa also will agent some of the brand for only their company to sell out to attract more customers to buy their products. Sasa’s target customers include young female, lady and family(daily product),man, actually Sasa’s products are suitable for great majority people to use, most of the type for their product is skin-care product, it is useful for children, female and man so Sasa have a large target customers to make this company be more popular in these years. The position that we have selected in Sasa Company is buyer. Buyer is a very important position in a company, it decide what, which product the company will sell in the market so buyer must very clear about what the customers need in the market what type of product will attract more. After to confirm which type or which brand of the product the company should choose, buyer have to talk with the brand company about the authority of agency, include the price, the time-limit, etc.. So buyer must have a good connect skill with people and the sense of responsibility. There have a vacancy in Sasa company because this position’s requests are very high and lots companies are need this position mostly, most the company they have be deficient in buyers, because the candidate must have more experience in similar job in the past so just can handle this job well and truly, also the candidate must have a good language culture to contact with their brand company, have a nice social contact in the related trade.

Slavery During, In, and After the Civil War Essay -- Slavery Essays

Slavery During, In, and After the Civil War The Civil War was doubly tragic because it was completely unnecessary. Slavery had been ended in other nations with the stroke of a pen, and yet in the mighty United States the country was willing to go to war over the issue of whether slavery should remain. The southerners felt that it was their constitutional right to own slaves and did not see a time when they should be required to give up that right. However, upon the election of Lincoln as President, the southerners felt threatened, and felt their slave holding rights were being threatened, and in an effort to protect these rights they chose to secede from the union. Why would any one person want to own another human being with the same intestines, some of the same feelings yet a different color for their own good . This was quite crazy if you ask me , I feel that the southerners should have felt threatened and that if what they were doing were so right why feel so threatened about doing it.The northerners and Lincoln saw the importance of maintaining a united country, set out to bring back the seceded states. Thus the Civil War began. During the civil war many Americans were either killed or wounded, this number was only surpassed by World War II. While the civil war originally began as a quest to bring the southern states back to the union. However, the goal of the war did soon change to that of abolition. While the war may have seemed necessary to ...

Quest for Self-Identity in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing and The Bell Jar

As the post-colonial criticism developed, the theorists have agreed upon the fact that the role of feminism in the post-colonial practice is crucial. Moreover, these two theories clearly have the same goals. On the one hand, the main objective of both of them is to disclose the traditional power structures, both patriarchal and imperial. On the other hand, both feminism and post-colonial criticism aim to show the way the writers challenge the respective forms of authority. The main concerns of the post-colonial criticism are the formation of canon, the phases through which imperialism and decolonization have gone, as well as how these processes are expressed in literature. What is more, the criticism is also concerned with the ways of resistance within literary pieces, such as rewritings of traditional concepts and creating voices that stand in opposition. All these issues become the matrix and concern of feminist criticism. Not the least, crucial to feminism is also pointing at the notion of diversity. For many women, the process of writing is an expression of themselves, it allows them to â€Å"throw off their chains† and to struggle for more autonomy. The twentieth century has given rise to women’s efforts to fight for their rights in the Western world. In the forties, they were relatively emancipated, since they perceived the encouragements to enter the workplace. There, they could enjoy a relative independence and they felt responsible. They proved that they can be â€Å"effectual workers†, but when the World War II was over, they had to face new requirements: they had to give up the jobs to the males coming back from the war (â€Å"Feminism†). They were and felt misplaced, everyone expected them to take care of their homeplace instead. ... ..., Eadaoin. â€Å"Colonialism in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing.† 12 Apr. 2003. Aspenlieder, Erin. â€Å"Tips for Surviving ‘Atwood’: Confronting the Complexities of the Wilderness Celebrity.† Margaret Atwood Studies. 3.1 (Sept. 2009): 3-11. Benson, E., and L.W. Conolly, â€Å"Routledge Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. London: Routledge, 1994. Cheadle, Richard. â€Å"On: Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing.† 2006. 3 June 2010 Parker, Ema. â€Å"You Are What You Eat: The Politics of Eating in the Novels of Margaret† . Atwood.† Twentieth Century Literature. June 10, 2010. Perloff, Marjori (Autumn 1972). â€Å"A Ritual for Being Born Twice": Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar". Contemporary Literature (University of Wisconsin Press), March 13, 2012. Wagner-Martin, Linda (1988). Sylvia Plath, the Critical Heritage. New York: Routledge, May 21, 2001.

Customer Based Brand Equity Essay

Customer based brand equality is very important for both local and foreign businesses. Many local based brands have been facing increased competition and challenges from other foreign brands. Both foreign and local brands have been taking turns capitalizing on their competitive position within the Chinese mobile phone market. Because of this, there is a need for both local and foreign brands to gain a clear understanding of their customer’s preferences, in regards to mobile phone features and the perception of their competitive position from their customers. Building a brand and properly managing it has become very important for all companies. Companies are now beginning to realize that brand equity is a most powerful tool and a valuable asset to them. The maintenance and enhancement of a company brand has become a very important part of the management tasks in companies. Brand knowledge structures in the minds of customers are the foundation of brand equity. Brand equity is widely perceived as consisting of brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality and brand associations, among other things. Building brand equity has specific rewards that are quite obvious. But there is a problem in that very few managers are able to objectively assess the strengths and weakness of their brands. Measuring brand equity is very important in assessing the value of the brand. Customer based brand equality helps companies to become aware of the likes and dislikes of their customers. This article shows that customers have three important attributes that they prefer; which are service, durability and brand image. Brand features uniqueness is the least important factor that affects consumers’ mobile phone preference. Price, distinctiveness, place, promotion and advertisements are the second tier attributes of consideration for customers. Attention should be given to improving the brand equity within the Chinese market. All mobile brands should pay very close attention to the improvement of their services and the enhancement of their products durability and brand imager, rather than focusing on intense price competition. The foreign brands are consistent across the board, clearly outperforming their foreign competitors with regard to customer attitudes in the Chinese market. The local foreign companies should begin to focus their attention on enhancing the quality of their product and building up their brand personality and their image. There is still room for the foreign brands to improve their brand equity. Strong brand equity means that customers have high brand awareness, maintain a favorable brand image, perceive high quality and are loyal towards the brand. Reference for the journal: Liaogang, Chongyan, Zian Source: International Management Review, Volume 3, Number 3, 1 April 2007, pp. 76-106

Importance of Communication in Making Decision in Organizations

Importance of Communication in Making Decision in Organizations Executive Summary The report entails evaluation of the role of communication in making decisions within an organization. The correlation between decision making and communication is underscored in the background study. Some of the key roles of communication in decision making are identified. The importance of communication in identifying the complexity of the intended decision is underscored.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Importance of Communication in Making Decision in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This arises from the fact that some of the decisions that a firm’s management team can make are more complex and can lead to enormous financial loss. Through communication, firms’ management teams are able to identify the involved complexity. The role of communication in solving problems within an organization is underscored. This arises from the fact that problem solving entails effective identification of the problem which is attained via communication. Communication also aids in reducing employee resistance which might during the decision making process. This may result into conflicts within the organization. Communication also aids in the process of a firm undertaking decisions regarding research and development which is vital for a firm’s success. Finally a conclusion of the entire study and a set of recommendations are made. The recommendations made entail some of the ways via which communication in an organization can be enhanced so as to improve decision making. Introduction Background to the study In the process of executing their duties, managers are charged with a number of roles. Some of these roles relate to interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles. The success of an organization is dependent on the effectiveness and efficiency with which the managers undertake their functions. One of the most important roles which m anagers are supposed to undertake is making decisions to guide the organization’s operations. Decision making is paramount in the success of every business. According to Martinsons and Davison (2007, p.287) decision making should be fast considering the fact that opportunities have a short window. Poole and Ahmed (2008, p.6) define decision making as the process of selecting from a number of alternatives based on a comprehensive analysis of the various options. Poole and Ahmed (2008, p.1) consider decision making to be a vital primary process in the operation of an organization. The decisions which the managers undertake are supposed to be independent.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an organizational setting, there are a number of groups which help the organization in conducting various tasks. The basis of these groups may be the various depa rtments. Despite the fact that managers should be independent in making decisions, consideration of the various groups is paramount. There is a strong correlation between communication and decision making (Ellen Almonte, 2009). Explicitly stated, communication has an influence on the decision made. Communication is defined as the dissemination of information from sender to the receiver. For communication to occur, information must be communicated via effective decoding by the receiver. Communication in an organization can be viewed in a number of perspectives one of them being a medium via which group interaction in an organization occurs (Martinsons Davison, 2007, p.287). Alternatively, communication can be considered to be the essence of decision making. This makes communication to be an essential element in the success of an organization. Aim The aim of the report is to analyze the importance of decision making in organizations Scope The report is organized into a number of sec tions. The first section entails evaluation of how communication aids firms’ management teams in the identification of complexity of the decision to be made. The role of communication in enhancing problem solving is identified in the second section. The third section gives an evaluation of the role of communication in reducing resistance as a result of the decisions made. An analysis of the role of communication in enhancing research and development decision is conducted in the fifth section. Finally, a conclusion of the entire study and a set of recommendations are made. Enhances understanding of the degree of complexity of the decision In the operation of an organization, the management teams undertake various functions such as decision making. Lack of communication may limit the management teams’ capacity to make rational decisions. This arises from the complexity of the decision to be implemented.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on I mportance of Communication in Making Decision in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the decision to be implemented may involve huge risks which might affect the firm’s operation as a going concern entity. This means that communication must be conducted prior to making any decision. For example, considering the dynamic nature of business environment, it is paramount for firms to develop a high competitive advantage. There are various avenues via which this can be achieved. One of them is formation of mergers and acquisition. The core objective of formation of mergers and acquisition is to attain synergy in the new entity (Cartwright Cooper, 2006). However, there is a high probability of the new entity not attaining the intended synergy. One of the reasons which might result in this is lack of effective communication between the two firms involved. Undertaking a merger and acquisition requires incorporation of a comprehensive collaborative decision making. This will ensure that all the parties involved have similar information regarding the impact of the decision on each firm. In addition, communication prior to implementation of the decision will aid in the determination of the existing degree of fitness between the two firms. Ensuring prior communication prior to implementation of the decision will aid in minimizing chances of the merger failing (Cartwright Cooper, 2006, p.65). This arises from the fact that it will be possible to determine the existence of goal congruency between the two firms. A considerable amount of resources are involved in the process of conducting a merger and acquisition. If there is not sufficient communication, determination of the fit between the two firms may be hindered. Upon implementing such a decision, there is a high probability of the firm failing leading into enormous financial loss. Ensuring communication prior to undertaking such decision enables the firm’s management team in determine the most effective way through which the decision will be implemented. Increases the effectiveness of problem solving In the operation of an organization, there is a probability of conflicts occurring amongst the employees. This arises from the existence of differences between employees. Inevitability of conflicts also arises from the fact that employees interact regularly in their duties (Coombs, 2010, p.340).Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conflicts may result into increase in the level of stress amongst the employees. This has the effect of reducing the employees’ productivity and hence the firm’s performance. It is the role of a firm’s management team to solve the conflicts amicably. This can only be attained via making an effective decision. When a conflict exists in organizations, there is a high probability of it being suppressed. This worsens the situation by increasing the level of stress amongst the employees. Communication can help the management in understanding the nature of the conflict (Coombs, 2010, p.350). In addition, the degree of certainty regarding the problem is improved. This arises from the fact that the management team is able to obtain numerous facts regarding the problem (Politi Street, 2010). In order to solve the problem, a comprehensive decision making process should be undertaken. The first step entails identification of the existing problem. Problem identification en sures that the decision made will result into a solution of the identified problem (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly Konopaske, 2009, p.36). At this stage, effective communication is paramount in helping the manager identify the problem. There is no need of the decision process progressing if the problem is not well identified. There are a number of alternatives available to the management team in solving the problem. In order to identify the available alternatives, managers are required to gather sufficient amount of information. This will serve in increasing the validity of the decision made. According to Coombs (2010, p.360), conflicts within an organization may affect employees within various departments. Various employees working in different departments have got different ways which they can consider most effective to solve the problem. By ensuring that there is an effective communication between the various groups, it is possible for the management to organize discussions so as to solicit the views of the employees. Despite disagreements arising during the discussion, there is a high probability of the employees cooperating with the decision made since they were given an opportunity to express their views (Joanne, Dulek Hale, 2007, p.68). The resultant effect communicating via group discussions when solving problems in an organization is that the quality of the decision made is high. This increases the effectiveness with which the existing problem is solved. After identification of the various alternatives, the management team should evaluate the alternatives to consider the most effective to consider when making the decision. The model below gives an illustration of the decision making process in an organization. The dynamic nature of external environment has an effect on a firm’s operation and long-term survival. As a result, it has become vital for firms to undertake various changes on their operations so as to align themselves with the externa l environment. Some of the changes to be undertaken are aimed at improving an organization’s operation efficiency. The intended change can either be major or minor. Despite the magnitude of the intended change, it might result into employee resistance. In order to undertake the intended change, a number of decisions have to be made. The change resulting from the decision made by the management team affects the entire organization. Therefore, it is the responsibility of a firm’s management team to ensure that all the members of the various departments cooperate. This makes the implementation process to be efficient by eliminating employee resistance (Richardson, 2008.p.2). The decision to make a change should not be imposed to the subordinate members of the organization. It is important to ensure that all the employees are conversant with the decision to undertake the change prior to its implementation. In addition, the employees should be aware of how the decision to u ndertake the change will affect them. This will increase their commitment in the process of implementing the decision. Therefore, ensuring effective communication within the organization will ensure that the firms’ management team understands the employees’ perception regarding the decision. Enhances research and development Considering the dynamic nature of business environment, conduction of research and development is vital if the firm is to survive as a going concern. The importance of research and development has further been enhanced by the current rate of globalization. This is mainly so for firms which are in very volatile economic sectors such as those which deal with software development. Decisions relating to research and development may emanate internally or externally. According to Hirokawa and Marshall (2008, p.53), creating a rapport between the organization and the various parties involved via communication helps in identification of the necessary resea rch and development. In addition, communication helps in the identification of the changes occurring in the business environment. This arises from the fact that the organization is able to obtain market feedback via communication (Martinsons Davison, 2007). The resultant effect is that the firm is able to undertake modifications to its research and development thus increasing the chances of attaining a high competitive advantage. Conclusion The success of every organization depends on the effectiveness of the decisions made by the firm’s management team. From the analysis, it is evident that the quality of decision made is dependent on the effectiveness of communication within the organization. These sentiments are underscored by Aaron (2006, p. 32) who asserts that despite the vision statement that a firm has, lack of effective communication can result into failure in their attainment. The decisions to be implemented may affect the employees’ negatively thus limiting their productivity. Imposing a decision on the employees which they are not aware of may result into resistance. Through effective organizational communication, the employees become aware of the decision prior to the change. This increases the probability of them cooperating during the implementation process. In addition, communication helps in effective decision making via identification of the existing problem. Problem identification is the first step in the decision making process within an organization. Effective communication increases the degree of certainty with regard to the problem being solved. For example, the existing problem may relate to conflicts between the firm’s employees. Without effective identification of the problem, there is a high probability of the decision made not solving the existing problem. This means that the entire decision making process was a mere waste of time. Through communication, it is possible for the management team to determine the c omplexity of the intended decision with regard to its effect on the employees. The management team may consider involving the employees in finding a more optimal solution by communicating the intended decision. The resultant effect is that the firm is able to identify the appropriateness of the decision via identification of various alternatives. Recommendations In order to ensure that the decision made is effective, it is paramount for firms’ management teams to enhance effective communication. In order to achieve this, firm’s management teams should consider the following recommendations. There should be free flow of information within organizations. This will ensure that all the stakeholders are conversant with the organization’s internal environment. This will culminate into minimization of the probability of resistance occurring. In order to achieve this, firm’s management team should consider incorporating a bottom-up organization style. This will e nsure free flow of information from the employees in the subordinate level to the top management. All the stakeholders to the decision should be involved. This will ensure that a sufficient level of awareness is created thus increasing the probability of participation during the implementation process. In order to ensure effective communication within the organization, firms’ management team should incorporate information technology so as to effectively manage information flow within and without the organization. Firms’ management teams should ensure that the organization has got an effective team dynamics. One of the ways through which this can be attained is by ensuring that there is effective communication within the organization. The resultant effect is that the degree of collaboration in decision making will be improved. Reference List Aaron, S. (2006). Effective communication helps business run more smoothly. Journal  of management. Vol. 4, issue 5, pp. 23-34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cartwright, S. Cooper, C. (2006). Managing mergers, acquisitions and strategic  alliances. New Jersey: Butterworth Heinnemann. Coombs, T. (2010). Impact of past crises on current crisis communication: insight from situational crisis communication theory. Journal of business communication. Vol. 412, issue 4, pp. 390-419. Ellen, M. Almonte, R. (2009). Essential of business communication. New York: Cengage Learning. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., Donnelly, J. H., Konopaske, R. (2009). Organizations:  Behavior, structure, processes. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Hirokawa, R. Marshall, P. (2008). Communication and group decision making. New York: Sage. Joanne, E., Dulek, R.E. Hale, D. (2007). Crisis response communication challenges: building theory from qualitative data. Journal of Business communication. Vol. 41, issue 3, pp. 112-134. Martinsons, M. Davison, R. (2007). Strategic decision making and support systems: comparing American, Japa nese and Chinese management. Journal of management. Vol. 43, issue 1, pp. 284-300. Amsterdam: Elsevier Communication. Politi, M. Street, R. (2010). The importance of communication in collaborative decision making: facilitating shared mind and the management of uncertainty. International journal of public health and policy. Vol. 3, issue 5, pp. 26-45. Washington: Blackwell Publishers. Poole, M. Ahmed, I. (2008). Decision making process in organizations. Journal of  Communication Studies. Vol. 4, issue 3, pp. 45-54. Richardson, J. (2008). Management of conflict in organizations: effective communication in conflict resolution. Journal of health. Washington: Bnet.

study mode Essays

study mode Essays study mode Essay study mode Essay Essay Topic: Notre Dame study mode BY Rashida-palti RN RASHIDA DIMANANAL PALTI, RN 1st street, Don sero, RH-5 Cotabato City 9600, Philippines Telephone No: 064-5520567 Mobile No: 00639359887943 E-mail add: rashida. [emailprotected]. com A professional Graduate Nurse, in search of a position in a well established institution that offers a constructive and challenging work environment to contribute to my personal success, and advancement to achieve a career that would offer quality nursing care for the benefit of the patient and means for application of knowledge gained. Age: Gender: 21 years old Female Date of Birth: September 12, 1992 Place of Birth: Jeddah, K. S. A Civil Status: Single Nationality: Filipino Religion: Height: Islam Weight: 45 kgs. Fathers Name: Engr. Rahib L. Palti, Senior Supervisor at MELSA Jeddah, K. S. A Mothers Name: Contact Person: Contact No: Saida D. Palti, dependent 00966501845269/ 00966503659012 College: NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY sy: 2009-2013 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING, 3rd Honor (2nd year) COTABATO CITY, PHILIPPINES High School: sy: 2005-2009 INTERNATIONAL PHILIPPINE SCHOOL IN JEDDAH 6th Honorable Mention, High School Diploma JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA Elementary: sy: 1999-2005 Elementary Diploma CLINICAL EXPERIENCE Medical-surgical Nursing and Maternal and Child Nursing Tertiary hospital Cotabato Regional and Medical Center Cotabato City, Philippines Secondary hospital Notre Dame Hospital, Cotabato City Dr. Amado B. Diaz Provincial Foundation Hospital Midsayap, North Cotabato City, Philippines Primary hospital Community Doctors Hospital Psychiatric Nursing Southern Philippines Medical Center Davao City, Philippines Community Health Nursing Sitio Limatong, Pigcawayan, North Cotabato, Philippines Mother Barangay Rosary Heights, Cotabato City, Philippines Barangay Rosary Heights II, Cotabato City, Philippines Barangay Rosary Heights X-A and X-B, Cotabato City, Philippines Poblacion 4, Cotabato City, Philippines School Health Nursing Sero Elementary School March 2013 College Service Award Awardee Perfect Clinical Attendance Award Awardee Philippine Nursing Licensure Board Examination Date/ Place of Examination: June 2-3, 2013 / Davao City, Philippines License NO. : 0819387 October 2-4, 2013 Intravenous Therapy Training Program for Nurses (post graduate) Auditorium, Cotabato Regional and Medical Center, Cotabato City March 14, 2013 Labor Education for the Graduating Students Tanghalang Michael Clark, Nepomuceno Building Notre Dame University, Cotabato City, Philippines March 4, 2013 Stress Management for Nursing Students Audio Visual Room, Engineering Building January 7-11, 2013 Emergency Preparedness Training Course Auditorium, Cotabato Regional and Medical Center October 5, 2012 IV therapy: A way for Better Care Nursing Arts Room 1, Carino Building August 18, 2012 Student Development Program: Nursing Research NAR 3 and 4, Carino Building April 12, 2012 Psychiatric Emergency Seminar Notre Dame Dormitory, Calachuchi Street, Juna Subdivision Matina, Davao City, Philippines March 2, 2011 Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses and The Art and Logic of Taking Test NAR 1, Notre Dame University, Cotabato City, Philippines January 28, 2011 Peace Orientation Workshop January 12, 2010 Interreligious Dialogue (RD) Orientation Workshop Tanghalang Michael Clark, Nepomuceno Building, 4 years of related formal education and training from qualified nursing program Punctual, fast learner, and work well with others Able to assist in patient care and carry out the regular clinical practices Demonstrated ability to adhere to the clinical care procedures, systematize own progress plans to ensure that the objectives of the health care unit are fulfilled Able to support clinical and other staff for good patient care Good communication and inter-personal skills. Good attention to detail and observation. Happy to work independently and as part of a team. Ability to respond questions and offer suggestion. Has a leadership and managerial skills. Able to communicate in these languages and dialect: English and Filipino Computer Literate and able to do Basic Computer Function (MS Word and PowerPoint) Monitor the overall physical condition of the patient Knowledge of assisting in surgery and other medical procedures Skilled in assessing, planning, implementing, documenting, coordinating, and managing patient care in keeping with facility and hospital standards Able to administer specified medications n keeping with established standards and policies Communicate to the relatives regarding the condition of the patient Emotional support and right education with regards to the condition of the patient. Philippine Nurses Association, Inc. Member Notre Dame University Alumni Association, Inc. Virginia Margallo, RN, MAN Clinical Instructor College of Health Sciences, Notre Dame University contact 00639305217769 contact number: 00639276725733 Joanne T. Tolentino, RN, MAN Former Clinical Instructor contact 00639173129236 I HEREBY CERTIFY that the above information is true to the best of my knowledge. RASHIDA D. PALTI, RN Applicant November 2013

Writing Tips Example Press Release

Writing Tips Example Press Release Example Press Release (Writing Tips) We’ve previously offered a few tips on writing a press release, including: Start with an eye-catching headline. Tailor your press release to match your business goals. Include stats, photos, and/or quotes that journalists can use. Pick the perfect time to send your press release. In this post, though, we’re going to show you how this works in practice. We’ll do this by presenting an example press release, plus a quick breakdown of how it fulfills each of the points above. An Example Press Release Proofed Launches Pioneering Punctuation Podcast Launching February 2, 2019, the Proofed Punctuation Pod will cover everything from periods to parentheses for newcomers and experts alike. New York, January 31, 2019 – Acclaimed proofreading company Proofed is launching a new podcast about punctuation. This will be the first professional podcast dedicated entirely to this topic, offering both helpful explainers and in-depth conversation on punctuation issues. The podcast will be hosted by Mia Armitage, who has worked as a proofreader for over a decade, including three years with Proofed. Mia will be joined by a series of guest presenters, each of whom will discuss a favorite punctuation mark or an issue that interests them. Nielsen statistics show that 44% of the US population has listened to a podcast, while 26% listen to at least one podcast every month. This format therefore presents a great opportunity to engage people with punctuation in new, entertaining ways. According to Proofed CEO Bertrand McClain, â€Å"Punctuation can seem like a dry topic, especially to read about. But a podcast lets us present those issues as a lively conversation, offering a listener-friendly way to join the debate.† Mia, meanwhile, is excited to present the podcast. â€Å"I was thrilled to be asked,† she says. â€Å"I have a passion for punctuation, so talking with so many clever people and sharing my love of language is a dream come true. Even I was surprised by how controversial punctuation can be sometimes. But you’ll hear that for yourself in episode one, I promise!† The first episode, available February 2, via iTunes and the Proofed website, will feature Dr. Henry Jones, who has strong feelings about the serial comma. For more information on the podcast and upcoming guests, contact Sheryl Rook at [emailprotected] Analyzing the Example Okay, so you’ve seen our example press release. But can you spot how it works? Key factors include: The headline is punchy and alliterative to make it memorable, but we also have a subtitle to provide extra information. The aim of the press release is to let people know about the new podcast. As such, we’ve included key details about where and when people can hear it. We’ve included stats and quotes that journalists can excerpt. The date of release is set for a few days before the podcast launch. This will ensure that it goes out at the most relevant time to attract listeners. So our press release is simple, but it ticks all the right boxes! And to make sure your press releases are perfect, don’t forget that proofreading is vital.

Connotation Impromptu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Connotation Impromptu - Essay Example The Lexus target market ranges for people around the age of forty, with a strong household salary. The luxury market back in 1989 had Lexus brands sell around 25,000 cars in hope of achieving a target of 65,000 cars. With the main rivals of Lexus being brands such as Mercedes Benz, the target market of majority of its brands is well-off customers (Anurit, Newman, And Chansarkar, 2006, p. 15). The choice of target market made by Ford while manufacturing the escort brand revolves around the model of product life sequence. This choice has an impact on its advertising and pricing strategies through marketing mix (University of southern California, 2010). Since Ford Escort is a commodity model of this specific industry, its price and mode of promotion is defined by the targeted market, breaking down the promotion procedures into stages. These stages have been used by Ford to realize the standard income made the youthful market and be able to set prices for the escort model. The choice of target market affected the pricing and advertising strategies of the Lexus vehicle brands through product positioning. Unlike Ford, Lexus fixed its models right before customers who could find them affordable, instead of directly looking the customers. Lexus believed their brand would sell in terms of benefits that can be offered to customers through new ways. This way, Lexus could always be affiliated with luxury living, creating a standard means of living able to be felt and understood by its customers. The image of Ford has been tarnished after the economic downturn began in the European market. As a result, its market will only stand to widen should the company make changes in its financial structure. Ford Escort buyers mainly comprise of youthful individuals without a strong household salary. Therefore, changes in the economy will definitely affect their choice of purchasing the brand,

Project Management Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management Methodology - Essay Example This is captured significantly in Project Methodology Framework. For this reason, process groups and knowledge areas are essential. This paper seeks to address why project management methodology is a practical way of implementing organizational change. It exposes the reason why organizational change in itself is a project. A part from dealing with the nine project knowledge areas it illuminates the role of process groups in project implementation processes. It also seeks to relate the Project Implementation Methodology to Kotter’s eight-steps in leading change. Project Management Methodology Framework in Implementing Organizational Change Why Organizational Change is viewed as a project Evidently, Project Management Methodology is relevant in implementing organizational change. Organizational change should be viewed as a project and therefore applying project management methodology would be appropriate. The reasons why organizational change qualifies as a project are many. On the whole, often times, the design of the organization doubles up as one of a project’s particular goal. For instance, there may be a need for reducing the number of employees needed, or introduction of new technology or part of a business change procedure. Specifically, numerous issues that relate to the organizational change management are supposed to be dealt with when a project is starting (Richman 2006). This ensures that needed activities become part of plan to pave way for assigning roles and responsibilities. Further, this may mean that issues such as sponsors change and their effectiveness, participatory methods, and change of communication in view of the targets are examined. When changing work culture, project management framework helps to break down the project into logical and more manageable steps. Organizational culture consists of the beliefs, values, and norms that are shared by people within an organization. The process of changing culture can be a costly an d time consuming project that involves implementing many of the processes, groups and bodies of knowledge that project management methodology consist of. Richman (2006) reckons this when he asserts that organizational policies may require change in its formal and informal culture that affects a project. According to him, this could be in quality management which would involve continued project improvement and auditing, or changing employee’s performance evaluation frameworks and dismissal guides. It could also involve streamlining of work reporting time and contract provisions (Richman, 2006) Process Groups and Knowledge Areas in Relation To Kotter’s Leading Change Model Because of the reasons aforementioned, project management methodology is a good tool for implementing an organizational change because it is proven to be a structured and a logical methodology for managing projects. In a way it maps well with John Kotter’s model of Leading Change. Kotter’ s model of eight-stage process, offers a more practical strategy to leading the implementation process of, and not merely managing change. Richman (2006) notes that, essentially, a successful project originates from an effectively planned and executed project management methodology which is ‘‘a system of interrelated phases, procedures, activities and tasks that define the project

Temperature Monitor Simulation Using LabVIEW Lab Report

Temperature Monitor Simulation Using LabVIEW - Lab Report Example An Alarm LED was added that is activated when the temperature signal is more than a threshold level selected using a Vertical Pointer slide. This system can be tested by pressing the Run button (arrow icon), but the data generated will not be very useful. A While Loop function was added to keep the program running until a Stop button is pressed. This way, a meaningful graphical data (temperature vs. time) will be displayed at the Waveform Chart. The results of the experiment showed that LabVIEW can be used to simulate simple circuits like a temperature monitor. The temperature signal can be generated and monitored inside LabVIEW, so as the output results. Added functionalities like unit conversion and alarm activations can also be simulated. In the previous experiment, an internal temperature signal was generated using a virtual Dial software. In this experiment, the temperature signal will be provided by an external power source. The previous block diagram was used but edited to replace the internal temperature source with an external source. The output results were observed using a Waveform Chart. As can be seen in the Fig. 2, the internal temperature signal source was replaced with the DAQ (PCI-6025E Data Acquisition Card) that is connected to a DC power supply with variable voltage output control. Varying this voltage simulated an incoming temperature signal. The signal was also passed through Multiply and Add functions to convert it from a Celsius value to a Farenheit equivalent. A Waveform Chart was used to display temperature variation with time. An Alarm LED was added that is activated when the temperature signal is more than a threshold level selected using a Vertical Pointer slide. This system was also tested by pressing the Run button (arrow icon) and using the While Loop function to keep the program running until a Stop button is pressed. This way, a meaningful graphical data (temperature vs. time) was displayed on the Waveform Chart. Conclusion: The results of this experiment showed that LabVIEW can be used to simulate circuits like a temperature monitor that uses external source. This external source can be controlled and monitored by LabVIEW. As in the previous experiment, added functionalities like unit conversion and alarm activations can also be simulated. Fig. 2 DAQ used as interface for external signal

Principle of Fashion Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Principle of Fashion Marketing - Essay Example The essay "Principle of Fashion Marketing" concerns the fashion marketing. The growth history of the Louis Vuitton has been awarded with the reward of world’s most valuable luxury brand for the six consecutive years from 2006 to 2012. The recognition as world’s most luxury brand has also enabled the company to gain high market valuation. The market valuation of the Louis Vuitton was about 25.9 billion USD in the year 2012. The underlying essay aims at analysing brand position of Louis Vuitton. The brand analysis of the company will be done in accordance with the stepwise framework of PEST analysis, MICRO analysis, market segmentation, target market strategy, etc. The marketing mix of the company will also be presented in order to specific ideas regarding product, pricing, place and promotional strategy being adopted by the company. The assessment of branding and marketing perspective of the company in light of the above mentioned frameworks will facilitate in identifyin g challenges likely to incur in the next three years and solutions in the form of recommendations to handle such challenges. PEST analysis is the most widely adopted tool of performing macro environment analysis of the company. PEST analysis represents the acronym of political, economic, legal and technological analysis of the concerned company. This dimension of PEST analysis takes into consideration political structure, stability and regulating or governing philosophy behind respective government. France is one of the developed country. with stable political environment. The political atmosphere of the country is favourable with no political trouble, crisis, conflict or any adverse situation. The favourable political climate has attracted many investors to invest money in the Louis Vuitton expansion strategies. The establishment of any business operation in the France requires a fixed investment limit of 1500000 Euros (France Country Report, 2011). The fixed investment limit act a s a obstacle for many international enterprises. But, France government has tried to convert this obstacle into opportunity by announcing various tax saving schemes to business organisations of France. Moreover, France government also do not hold any strict religious belief and customs and thus facilitates the entry of every business enterprise having any religious background and customs. The favourable political conditions have facilitated the Louis Vuitton to a wide extent in carrying the business operations and pursuing international expansion strategies in France without any difficulty. Economic Economic conditions and factors also play a significant role in determining success of any business operation. The economic variables take into account inflation and interest rates, unemployment condition, Gross domestic product (GDP), and many more. The GDP rate of France was being considered as stronger in the year 2011 with the surprising growth of about 1.85%. The economy of France w as considered as fifth largest in the world and second largest in the Europe. It is also being recognised as one of the wealthiest European country and world’s fourth largest wealthiest nation. The aggregate household wealth of the economy was about 2.6 million dollar in the year 2012 demonstrating growth history of France (France Country Report, 2011). The inflation and unemployment rate of the France economy was also

Case Study 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2 - Case Study Example It had the expertise, and had the best knowledgeable game developers in the market then. With these strengths defined, the management could have looked at the weaknesses. Weaknesses are the internal factors that if not managed properly can potentially affect an organization’s very existence. Weaknesses in most times are what other competitors dwell in in offer to win a competitive advantage over other firms in the same industry. When Kotick took over the leadership of the activation blizzard company, he looked at the weaknesses of the EA Company, and capitalized on t5hese to get the company on it5s feet again. After a number of years, the company surpassed the company in the level of sales and the market share. Had EA seen these weaknesses and capitalized on them, perhaps Activision Blizzard would not have taken over from its market leadership. In essence, an opportunity is an unexploited business idea. Kotick, after joining the industry saw a number of opportunities that EA c ould not see. Subsequently, the company managed to take over the leadership of the gaming business from the EA Company. Therefore, exploiting these opportunities before Activision Blizzard could, would have given the company a competitive advantage and saved it from the slippage that it currently faces. Threats on the other hand are a myriad of setbacks that would potentially affect the existence of the company. Competitors are part of the threatening factors for a company, a factor that EA never saw until it was very late. By the time it realized the strength of Activision Blizzard, it was too late as it controlled the biggest portion of the video-games market. 2. Michael Porter’s generic strategies theory consists of three strategies that businesses apply in order to stay ahead of their competition thus maintaining their competitive advantage. Porter classified these strategies into two dimensions, which included the strategic scope and the strategic strength competitive ad vantages. While the strategic scope focuses on the demand side by particularly paying attention to the size and composition of the market, strategic dimension focuses on the supply side of the organization, especially how to meet the needs of the target market (Mun, 10). In his theory, the cost leadership strategy involved two main ways of achieving the competitive advantage in a market, i.e. profit maximization by reducing costs but charging industry rates, or increasing the market share by charging lower market prices. Since the main objective of cost leadership is cost maximization, the costs that customers have to pay for commodities is a different issue (Mun 10). EA could have charged exorbitant prices for its games, regardless of the supply in the market. Perhaps, its games priced high, despite the market prices being relatively low. This way, customers could have preferred the company’s biggest competitor, Activision Blizzard. Differentiation strategy is the manner in which companies strive to make their products unique from the rest of the competitors in the industry. Through research, an organization can provide high quality products and through effective sales and marketing strategies. While Activision Blizzard capitalized on the features of its games, and providing its customers with improved games, EA relaxed, and never improved on the quality of its games through features. Activision

Principle of Fashion Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Principle of Fashion Marketing - Essay Example The essay "Principle of Fashion Marketing" concerns the fashion marketing. The growth history of the Louis Vuitton has been awarded with the reward of world’s most valuable luxury brand for the six consecutive years from 2006 to 2012. The recognition as world’s most luxury brand has also enabled the company to gain high market valuation. The market valuation of the Louis Vuitton was about 25.9 billion USD in the year 2012. The underlying essay aims at analysing brand position of Louis Vuitton. The brand analysis of the company will be done in accordance with the stepwise framework of PEST analysis, MICRO analysis, market segmentation, target market strategy, etc. The marketing mix of the company will also be presented in order to specific ideas regarding product, pricing, place and promotional strategy being adopted by the company. The assessment of branding and marketing perspective of the company in light of the above mentioned frameworks will facilitate in identifyin g challenges likely to incur in the next three years and solutions in the form of recommendations to handle such challenges. PEST analysis is the most widely adopted tool of performing macro environment analysis of the company. PEST analysis represents the acronym of political, economic, legal and technological analysis of the concerned company. This dimension of PEST analysis takes into consideration political structure, stability and regulating or governing philosophy behind respective government. France is one of the developed country. with stable political environment. The political atmosphere of the country is favourable with no political trouble, crisis, conflict or any adverse situation. The favourable political climate has attracted many investors to invest money in the Louis Vuitton expansion strategies. The establishment of any business operation in the France requires a fixed investment limit of 1500000 Euros (France Country Report, 2011). The fixed investment limit act a s a obstacle for many international enterprises. But, France government has tried to convert this obstacle into opportunity by announcing various tax saving schemes to business organisations of France. Moreover, France government also do not hold any strict religious belief and customs and thus facilitates the entry of every business enterprise having any religious background and customs. The favourable political conditions have facilitated the Louis Vuitton to a wide extent in carrying the business operations and pursuing international expansion strategies in France without any difficulty. Economic Economic conditions and factors also play a significant role in determining success of any business operation. The economic variables take into account inflation and interest rates, unemployment condition, Gross domestic product (GDP), and many more. The GDP rate of France was being considered as stronger in the year 2011 with the surprising growth of about 1.85%. The economy of France w as considered as fifth largest in the world and second largest in the Europe. It is also being recognised as one of the wealthiest European country and world’s fourth largest wealthiest nation. The aggregate household wealth of the economy was about 2.6 million dollar in the year 2012 demonstrating growth history of France (France Country Report, 2011). The inflation and unemployment rate of the France economy was also

Studying masters in business and administration Personal Statement

Studying masters in business and administration - Personal Statement Example My parents thought that majoring in business in my undergraduate was a gamble, as I was trending on thin ice whose underside was an icy lake of frustration, stiff competition and unemployment. Like any other student of business, I often brushed it off by stating that I wanted to acquire the skills and knowledge in order to be self-employed and possibly run a successful company of my own. However, whenever I gave this answer I was saying what I felt, but, like many high school leavers, I did not really know as much as I would have wanted to have others believe in me. Later watching news in collage as a business major, I started to reflect on my life and asked myself why I had not taken a â€Å"safer† career path. This is because it was in the middle of the global recession from which many countries are still currently recovering from and businesses were collapsing all over the world. In addition, individuals in the positions I secretly hoped to be were being laid off at an alar ming rate. I hoped secretly because as much as I would never admit to it, I was as optimistic about getting a high flying job, as I was about going in business for myself, in fact the latter scared me off due to the risks associated. Consequently, here I was in business school asking myself why I had not become a doctor, dentist or engineer, as anyone can run a business anyway without even going to school, the likes of Bill Gates did not study business yet they run some of the most successful firms in the world. In short, I was in a field competing with anyone who had ever had a business idea, nothing in my mind could have been more competitive and in such a cutthroat competition. In a nutshell I was half way through college and asking myself the same questions I had brushed off earlier, but this time I was more determined and reflected and evaluated my choices deeper and this time I second guessed my answers and worked myself to a mental state bordering on paranoia. However, I real ized much later that I was not alone in my fears, talking to friends studying different course I realized that everybody had similar fears, and often ask themselves; Will we get good jobs? Will we get any jobs at all? Shall we forever be employed? or shall we at some point move out on our own and make a mark in the world? I then revisited my initial reason for studying business while majoring and it was simply because I was good at the subject naturally, I may not have been a natural sales executive or born economist, but business in any form exited me. To many of my peers Economics and accounting graphs represented content to be crammed into memory and memorized under the influence of gallons of coffee particularly the night before exams. However, to me they were as exciting as the plot of a good novel is to a book enthusiast; thus, business financials represented to me, not just figures but real and operational business. I saw in commerce more than just theories, to me these ideas were representations of people’s dreams hopes and ambitions; and I believed that the business world is where I belong. This is born out of an ambition to put to practice the knowledge garnered in business school; in addition, I have always been interested in the study of business administration from a global perspective. With time, I have come to realize that the world has become so much interconnected that a company collapsing in America can have dire consequences in another

DSC2006 Unofficial Mid-Term Mock Test Essay Example for Free

DSC2006 Unofficial Mid-Term Mock Test Essay DSC2006 Unofficial Mid-Term Mock Test 2010/11 Semester 2 Select the best answer 1. Business organizations consist of three major functions which, ideally: a) support one another b) are mutually exclusive c) exist independently of each other d) function independently of each other e) do not interface with each other 2. Revenue management is concerned with: a) a process designed to determine the best use of funds generated through sales. b) the use of marketing tools to increase revenue. c) the use of accounting tools to monitor cash flow. d) the use of pricing to increase the profit generated from a limited supply of supply chain assets. e) the appropriate use of operational tools to improve operational efficiency with a view to increasing revenue. 3. In order to make differential pricing effective, which of the following issues are to be dealt with? a) The firm must differentiate between the market segments and structure its pricing to make one segment pay more than the other. b) The firm must control demand such that the lower paying segment does not utilize the entire availability of the asset. c) The firm must secure enough capacity to meet demand from each segment. d) The firm should structure pricing according to different market segments and also control demand in such a way that the lower segment does not utilize the entire availability of the asset. e) The firm must secure enough capacity to meet demand of each segment and also control demand in such a way that the lower segment does not utilize the entire availability of the asset. 4. In order to differentiate between different market segments, the firm must: a) negotiate separately with different market segments that value product or service attributes differently. b) create barriers by identifying product or service attributes that the segments value differently. c) develop pricing structures based on the volume of various product or service attributes. d) eliminate barriers that identify product or service attributes that the segments value differently. e) create barriers by identifying product or service attributes that the segments value differently and also negotiate separately with different market segments. 5. Under which of the following condition(s) is the concept of revenue management is applicable? a) Capacity is perishable. b) The same unit of capacity can be used to deliver product or service to different submarkets having their own demand curves with different price elasticity. c) Using appropriate booking rules, a firm can create a fence among the relevant submarkets. d) Capacity is perishable, the same capacity can be used to different submarkets having their own demand curves with different price elasticity and also the firm can create a fence among the relevant submarkets. e) Capacity is perishable and the same capacity can be used to different submarkets having their own demand curves with different price elasticity 6. Throughput time cannot be reduced in a process by: a) Reducing the utilization of bottleneck equipment b) Performing activities using a serial approach c) Changing the sequence of activities d) Reducing interruptions e) All of the above are ways by which throughput time can be reduced 7. According to Littles Law, which of the following ratios is used to find throughput time? a) Cycle time/Process time b) Throughput time/Process velocity c) Process velocity/Throughput time d) Work-in-Process/Throughput rate e) Value added time/Process velocity 8. A firm can participate in the quantity discount illustrated below when purchasing a product. It costs $20 to place an order each time. The holding cost rate is 20%. The annual demand for the product is 10,000 units. Lead time for the product is 1 month. Quantity 520 Cost $12 $10 $9 What is the minimum total cost that this firm can purchase and inventory this item while facing a quantity discount? a) 90,468 b) 90,853 c) 90,894 d) 100,000 e) 100,894 9. Which of the following determines the capacity of a production line? a) the takt time b) the throughput time c) the theoretical minimum number of work stations d) the efficiency 10. Which of the following types of manufacturing layout is considered a hybrid? a) Process layout b) Product layout c) Fixed-position layout d) Cellular layout 11. Compute the required cycle time for a process that operates 8 hours daily with a required output of 300 units per day. a) 0.625 minutes b) 1.6 minutes c) 37.5 minutes d) 0.027 minutes 12. Which of the following is NOT a mark of a good layout in manufacturing? a) Straight line flow patter (or adaption) b) Predictable production line c) Bottleneck operations d) Work stations close together e) Open plant floors (high visibility) 13. Revenue management is not especially useful where: a) Capacity is relatively fixed b) The market can be fairly clearly segmented c) The service cannot be sold in advance d) The service/product can be stored 14. Which is the correct order for process types starting with low volume/high variety and moving to high volume/low variety? a) Batch processes, project processes, job shop processes, mass processes, continuous processes b) Project processes, batch processes, mass processes, job shop processes, continuous processes c) Project processes, job shop processes, batch processes, mass processes, continuous processes d) Job shop processes, batch processes, mass processes, continuous processes, project processes 15. Which is the correct sequence in order of increasing process flexibility? a) Job shop / batch / project / continuous / product b) Project / job shop/ batch / continuous / product c) Job shop/ batch / project / product / continuous d) Project / job shop/ batch / product / continuous e) Continuous / product / batch / job shop/ project 16. Which of these statements is correct? The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ): a) Is a formula that calculates a realistic purchase price for an item b) Will depend on how many related parts are required in the same period c) Is used to calculate how much safety stock should be carried d) Determines the lowest order quantity by balancing the cost of ordering against the cost of holding stock e) Should be calculated once a year 17. Under the ABC system of inventory priorities a Class A item is: a) The 80% of high-value items that account for around 20% the total stock turnover value b) The 20% of high-value items that account for around 20% the total stock turnover value c) The 20% of high-value items that account for around 80% the total stock turnover value d) The 80% of high-value items that account for around 80% the total stock turnover value 18. The layout where the equipment, machinery, plant and people move as necessary is known as: a) Product layout b) Fixed-position layout c) Cell layout d) Process layout 19. A supermarket is usually positioned as: a) Cell layout b) Process layout c) Fixed-position layout d) Product layout 20. A self-service cafeteria is usually positioned as: a) Cell layout b) Product layout c) Fixed-position layout d) Process layout 21. Which of the following is usually considered a characteristic of a product or line layout? a) This layout can easily handle high volume but low variety b) This layout tends to be very flexible c) Transforming resources are costly to maintain d) This layout can easily handle high variety but low volume e) Transforming resources move to the work 22. A product layout: a) Groups transforming resources into dedicated cells b) Involves locating the transforming resources entirely for the convenience of the transformed resources c) Is appropriate for low volume operations d) Allows a wide variety of products to be manufactured on the same equipment e) Moves resources to the place where the operation is to be carried out 23. Cell layouts typically: a) Locate transforming resources entirely for the convenience of the transformed resources b) Cost more to run than other types of process layout c) Involve all the operations on a product being located adjacent to each other d) Are dominated by the transforming resources e) Are the most efficient form of process layout 24. Which of the following is the least likely decision to be made by Operations Managers? a) Designing and improving the jobs of the workforce b) Selecting the location and layout of a facility c) How much capacity is required to balance demand d) How to use quality techniques to reduce waste e) Deciding which market areas to manufacture products for 25. Which of the following would not normally be considered a general characteristic of a service? a) Many services involve both tangible and intangible outputs b) Production and consumption are simultaneous c) Production and consumption can always be spatially separated d) Low contact services can often be made more efficient than high contact services e) Production and sales cannot easily be separated functionally 26. Which of the following is not usually considered a characteristic of a fixed position layout? a) Fixed position layouts are often used for large or delicate products or services b) Transforming resources are grouped in cells c) The recipient of the process or the work being undertaken remain in the same place d) Fixed position layouts are able to offer high flexibility e) Transforming resources often move to the work 27. Operations management is: a) decision making involving the design, planning, and control of the processes that produce goods and services. b) decision making involving accounting, engineering, marketing, and strategy formulation that affect operations. c) decision making involving operations productivity and the reliability, durability, and manufacturability of products. d) decision making involving analyzing the competitive environment, appraising the organizations skills and resources, and examining the limitations of economics and technology on operations. 28. Inputs to the transformation process of operations include: a) Labour, capital, management, and material. b) Product design, materials planning, production planning, and product distribution. c) Strategic planning, marketing, engineering, and purchasing d) Steel, plastics, fibres, food crops, or other raw materials. 29. Some characteristics of services that differentiate them from goods (manufactured products) are: a) intangible, immediate consumption, high customer contact b) inventory, immediate consumption, options available c) delayed consumption, intangible, customer contact d) immediate consumption, options available, inventory 30. The concept of value-added means a) the customer must add value to a product by paying for it b) machines add value to the production process because of their low cost c) only service operations add value for the customer d) outputs of a process are worth more to customers than the sum of inputs 31. Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) differs from a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) in that: a) CIM usually includes one or more FMSs as components. b) An FMS does not use computers at all. c) CIM is only one component of an FMS. d) CIM is concerned only with data while FMS involves production processes. 32. A company is planning to produce a product that will compete in a high-volume market that is very price-competitive. What type of process would be most appropriate? a) project b) job shop c) batch d) continuous 33. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a product layout? a) standard product. b) high volume production. c) same sequence of operations for each unit. d) each order may require a unique sequence of operations. 34. The desired production rate for an assembly line is 120 units-per hour. What would be the cycle time? a) 30 seconds per unit b) 40 seconds per unit c) 0083 minutes per unit d) 2 minutes per unit 35. Which of the following is an advantage of a cellular layout? a) higher volume than an assembly line. b) greater f1exibility than a job shop. c) reduced material handling. d) use of more employees. 36. A company has a set of tasks that must be completed to assemble a product. The total time for these tasks is 96 minutes. The cycle time is 3 minutes and the company has found that 40 work stations are required to balance the line. What is the efficiency (or utilization) for this assembly line? a) 95% b) 90% c) 85% d) 80% 37. Which of the following IS NOT a use of inventory? a) Buffer against uncertainly b) Allow for large variations in production c) Decouple different processes d) Allow for smooth production 38. A retailer stocks a certain product that is sold at the rate of 10,000 units per year. Each replenishment order from the outside supplier costs $50. The price is $40 per unit and inventory carrying cost per year is 10% of unit price, how many units should be ordered each time to minimize total annual cost? a) 100 b) 250 c) 500 d) 1,000 39. Referring to the preceding problem, suppose the supplier requires that orders be placed for 2,000 units at a time. What would be the total annual variable cost of ordering and carrying inventory? a) $ 2,000 b) $ 2,500 c) $ 4,250 d) $ 8,000 40. A certain item is subject to quantity discounts as shown below: Quantity Price 1 – 49 50 – 999 1000 or more Purchased Per Unit $ 2.50 $ 2.00 $ 1.80 If 1,000 units are used per year and it costs $450 to place an order due to high shipping costs, how many should be ordered at a time to minimize variable costs if carrying cost per unit per year is 50% of unit value? a) 1000 b) 500 c) 100 d) 50 41. A company has 100 inventory items with total annual dollar usage of $3,000,000. Which of the following is most likely a C Inventory Item based on ABC analysis? a) b) c) d) Part # 1078 2365 1287 7864 Annual $ Usage $500,000 $250,000 $52,000 $1,000 42. A company manufactures repair parts. These parts are used at the rate of 5,000 units per year. It costs $100 every time more are produced. The cost of holding these parts in inventory is 20% of unit price, which is $25 per unit. The parts can be produced at the rate of 6,250 per year. How many units should be produced at a time to minimize total annual cost? a) 500 b) 1000 c) 1500 d) 2000

Genetic Study of Olive Plants

Genetic Study of Olive Plants Introduction Oleaceae family comprises 24 genus which consists of 600 species and its members can be found all over the world. One of the first cultivated agricultural tree crops within Oleaceae family is the olive Olea europaea L which is usually used for production of table olives and edible oil. Olive is the native plant in coastal regions of Mediterranean and there are more than 86 varieties of Europea species found in Anatolia of Turkey. Turkey is known to be one of the largest producers of olive oil and the first producer of black table olive among all the countries in the world. Majority of the black table olive that produced by Turkey is the cultivar of Gemlik which represents 80% of the production. Therefore, many researches in Turkey are mainly focused on molecular and classical breeding program for Gemlik cultivar due to its economical importance. It is essential to have the genetic studies in olive plants in order to understand the genetic mechanisms and hence to improve the quality and quantity of products. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) which are obtained from the single-pass complementary DNA (cDNA) sequencing can provide genetic information of an organism. Since EST is generated with gene that expressed at certain stage or tissue of organism, the information on mature transcripts for coding region of genome can be shown by EST. Hence, EST databases are useful for functional studies, gene and marker discovery, and gene mapping. Currently, EST libraries for more than 40 plant species are established for providing information that is important for functional genomics studies in which the putative functions of genes can be deduced by searching for homologies with known genes. Before this study, there were just around one thousand EST sequences which were available in GenBank database on February 2009. The EST studies for olives are obviously insufficient and lacking of sequence information may limit the genetic studies in olive plants. In this paper, two separate cDNA libraries which were constructed from young leaves and olive fruits for olive cultivar Gemlik were used to establish a rich EST collection. Clones which were obtained from the cDNA libraries were sequenced to generate ESTs. These sequences were assembled and clustered by using specific software and they were then deposited in GenBank database. Annotation of the generated EST sequences was performed using BLAST and BLAST2GO. Method of preparing Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) database The research material used in this study was the olive (O. europea) cultivar Gemlik (G 20/1). The methodology that involved in preparing EST database for Olea europaea was described by Ozgenturk et al. (2010). Before constructing cDNA library, total RNA was isolated from young leaves and unripe olive fruits by using the RNA extraction kit. In this paper, RNeasy Plant Miniprep kit was used for total RNA extraction. Total RNA was treated with the Oligotex mRNA Mini Kit to obtain purified mRNA. The isolated mRNAs were collected and utilized for constructing two separate cDNA libraries. Since RNA molecules are very unstable and difficult to amplify, it is important to convert mRNAs into cDNAs which are more stable in order to analyse the information carried by mRNA molecules (Mullinax Sorge, 2003; Tovey, 2011). The cDNA libraries can be constructed with the isolated mRNAs by using a cDNA library construction kit and the CloneMiner cDNA Library Construction Kit was used in this paper. Briefly, a double-stranded cDNA (ds cDNA) was first synthesised from mRNA by using primers provided in the kit. For the first strand synthesis, biotin-attB2-Oligo(dT) primer bound to the poly(A) tail of mRNA and the mRNA was used as the template for reverse transcription by SuperScriptTM ΙΙ Reverse Transcriptase. The newly synthesised single-stranded cDNA (ss cDNA) served as the template for second strand synthesis by Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase ÃŽâ„¢. attB1 sequence was then incorporated to the 5’ end of ds cDNA by attB1 Adapter. The synthesized ds cDNA was ligated into pDONR222 vector and transformed into competent E. coli strain DH5. The two cDNA libraries were plated onto LB-kanamycin agar plates. Individual colonies formed on the plates were picked into 384-well plates which containing SOB medium and incubated overnight. The cDNA libraries were then stored at -80 °C after adding with glycerol (10% v/v). Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones were randomly selected for isolating plasmid DNA with alkaline lysis method. The isolated DNA was digested and insert size was identified by performing 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. In this paper, 3840 clones were randomly selected and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using M13 universal primers. The ABI 3730 capillary sequencer was used for automated sequencing of cDNA in order to generate ESTs. Results Two separate cDNA libraries were established with mRNA extracted from young leaves and fruits respectively. The average insert sizes for the leaf and fruit cDNA libraries were respectively 1.6 kb and 1.1 kb. The leaf cDNA library consisted of 2.4 Ãâ€" 106 clones and 2304 clones were selected for sequencing. Among 2.2 Ãâ€" 105 clones within olive fruit cDNA library, 1536 clones were sequenced. Therefore, altogether 3840 EST sequences were generated from cloned cDNA sequencing. In order to obtain high quality EST sequences, raw EST sequences were processed by using Phred software in which low-quality bases, vector, and adapter were removed. After processing, 106 low quality EST sequences were removed and the remaining 3734 ESTs were kept for contig assembly. Contig Assembly Program 3 (CAP3) was used to assemble leaf and fruit EST sequences into contigs. 205 contigs were generated from the assembling of 2228 leaf ESTs and 69 contigs were generated from 1506 fruit EST sequences assembly. The total numbers of contig and singleton that were established from these two libraries were 274 and 2478 respectively. Altogether 3734 ESTs and 249 high quality contigs were deposited in GenBank under the accession number GO242703 to GO246436 and EZ421546 to EZ421794 respectively. In order to designate annotation of the generated EST sequences, BLAST was performed on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) web server for searching gene homology. Six hundred thirty five EST’s unique gene sequences were found to have more than 80% homology with sequences of known function in the other species. Two thousand twenty four EST sequences have less than 80% homology to the expressed proteins, hypothetical proteins, putative uncharacterized proteins and unknown proteins in database. There are 1339 EST sequences that shown no homology with the sequences that exist in GenBank and about 96.9% of EST sequences that established in this study are different from that in the existing olive sequences database in NCBI. Therefore, these EST sequences can be considered as novel genes in O. europea. Besides BLAST analysis, gene ontology (GO) annotation was performed for the contig sequences generated from the ESTs by using Blast2GO. GO terms were distributed among the biological process, molecular function and cellular component categories.

Latin America Essay -- essays research papers

Hisotry of Latin America History of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of World War II.Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the islands of the Caribbean whose inhabitants speak a Romance language. The peoples of this large area shared the experience of conquest and colonization by the Spaniards and Portuguese from the late 15th through the 18th centuries as well as movements of independence from Spain and Portugal in the early 19th century. Even since independence, many of the various nations have experienced similar trends, and they have some awareness of a common heritage. However, there are also enormous differences between them. Not only do the people live in a large number of independent units, but the geography and climate of their countries vary im mensely, and their social and cultural characteristics differ according to the different constitution of the inhabitants before the Iberian conquest and the different timing and nature of European occupation. Since the Spanish and Portuguese element looms so large in the history region, it is sometimes proposed that Iberoamerica would be a better term than of the Latin America. Latin seems to suggest an equal importance of the French and Italian contributions, which is far from being the case. Nevertheless, usage has fastened on Latin America, and it is retained here. The independence of Latin America After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. The reforms imposed by the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century provoked great instability in the relations between the rulers and their colonial subjects in the Americas. Many Creoles (those of Spanish parentage but who were born in America) felt Bourbon policy to be an unfair attack on their wealth, po... ...ts was slow to appear in Latin America. Brazil was the most successful, selling automobiles and automotive parts mainly to other developing countries but at times even to the industrialized world. A slightly less satisfactory alternative was the setting up of plants to assemble imported parts into consumer goods that were immediately exported, thus taking advantage of Latin America's low labour costs. Such plants proliferated along Mexico's northern border (where they were known as maquiladoras) but sprang up also in Central America and around the Caribbean. In other instances Latin Americans tried to develop new ("nontraditional") primary commodity exports. Colombian cut flowers were a highly successful example of the latter, promoted from the late 1960s through special incentives such as tax rebates; Colombia became the world's second leading flower exporter. It also assumed a leading role in the illicit narcotics trade. It enjoyed a brief boom of marijuana exports in the 1970s and in the following decade became the world's leading supplier of cocaine, which was processed in clandestine Colombian laboratories from coca leaf paste mostly originating in Bolivia and Peru.

The ICC and Southeast Asia Essay -- Foreign Relations

The International Criminal Court was formally established 1 July 2002. â€Å"The statue which exercises jurisdiction over four crimes – genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression (applicable only after a further provision defining aggression and conditions of jurisdiction is adopted).† (Toon, 2004: 1). The ICC is considered to be a court that is a last resort. It was implemented for heinous crimes that are committed to be used when states (countries such as Southeast Asia) are not willing or not able to provide justice for such crimes to the victims. To date, Southeast Asia has only two of their eleven states that have implemented the ICC which are Cambodia and Timor – Leste. Third world countries have a hard time with prioritizing their affairs. With economic hardships, terrorism, and socio-political taking the precedence over justice for individuals that are victims of the above crimes. There are many questions that have been established in regards to why countries, South East Asia in particular have not become part of the ICC. The author, Valeriane Toon, presents to her readers some questions as to why Southeast Asia has not accepted the International Criminal Court. â€Å"Is it the fear of setting a precedent by consenting to the subjugation of territorial integrity on ethical grounds, which could culminate in a spontaneous compromise of state sovereignty once this, is ensconced into customary law, as articulated by numerous major powers? Or is it simply a rejection of terms propounded by the Statue† (Toon, 2004: 1)? The other main question that cannot be overlooked is how much influence does the United States may have over the governments of Southeast Asia† (Toon, 2004: 1)? Though Toon provides o... ...ow are they able to provide justice when (unfortunately) justice cost money. Toon says that, â€Å"Certain segments of the government are not in favor of the ICC, conscious that it can curb the extent of their liberty and swiftness in the execution of national policies (Toon, 2004: 6). However, the logical conclusion of this would be to amend such factors that infringe on the governments’ ability to provide swift justice. Works Cited Toon, Valeriane. â€Å"International criminal court: reservation of non-state parties in southeast Asia.† Contemporary Southeast Asia 26.2 (2004), 218+. Berman, Franklin. â€Å"The International Criminal Court†, paper presented at the Fourth International Law Seminar, Singapore, 2 September 2000. â€Å"Coalition for the international Criminal Court, Spring Semester 2012, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_861_wenqi.pdf.

Food and Beverage Essay

Food and Beverage Service is the service of Food made in the Kitchen and Drinks prepared in the Bar to the Customers (Guest) at the Food & Beverage premises, which can be: Restaurants, Bars, Hotels, Airlines, Cruise Ships, Trains, Companies, Schools, Colleges, Hospitals, Prisons, Takeaway etc Food & Beverage Outlets are divided in to the following categories: Restaurants: Restaurants are places where Food & Drink is served. There are various types of Restaurants: All Day Dining Restaurants: They are sometimes called as Coffee Shops or Cafe in Hotels. They are usually big in size with many Covers (seats), compared to other Restaurants in the same Hotel. The main reason why they are called All Day Dining Restaurant is because of their hours of operation, as they are open for Breakfast in the Morning to Lunch in the afternoon to Dinner in the Evening. Fine Dining Restaurants: Fine Dining Restaurants are characterized by their elaborate and exclusive menu with special emphasis on the very high quality food they serve. The emphasis being on fresh ingredients and natural flavors or on the type of Cuisine served, or both. Usually the operation of this restaurant revolves around the Head Chef or Chef De Cuisine of this Outlet. Specialty Restaurants: These are Restaurants which usually have a type of National or Regional Character or Cuisine attached to them, for example: Italian Specialty Restaurant, Chinese Specialty Restaurant etc. In some Hotels they do also sometimes have Multi Cuisine Specialty Restaurant, which literally means that Restaurant serves cuisine from more than one country, or the dishes on the Menu at that Restaurant has Food Specialties from many different countries. 2. Lounge: Lounges can be found in different hotels. Their main purpose is to offer Food & Drinks in relaxed surroundings with comfortable and cozy seating in relaxed surroundings. There are many kinds of Lounges ranging from a Lounge in a Lobby, Cocktail Lounge and Cigar Lounge to Executive and Club Lounge in special Floors. 3. Bar: Bar is a place where drinks are served. There is usually a small Snacks Menu too. The service is fast and quick. There are various kinds of Bars ranging from Formal bars to Club Bars, Pubs, Pool Bars, Wine Bars, Cocktail Bars, Beach Bar to Juice Bars and many more. 4. Discotheque/Nightclub: They are outlets where Music and Entertainment takes priority with the Food & Drink. The operation is very fast and the guest numbers are large. Security is an important aspect in these operations. Music and entertainment can range from DJ to live bands playing. 5. Room Service/In Room Dining: Room Service, also known as In Room Dining . It is the service of Food & Drink in Guest Rooms in a Hotel or a Resort. Depending on the size and type of Hotel or Resort its functions vary. 6. Meeting and Conference Rooms: Meeting and Conference rooms together with Ball Rooms come under the Banquets & Conference section. They are a great source of Revenue in Food & Beverage Department usually in Corporate and City Hotels. MICE (Meetings, Incentives, and Conferences & Exhibitions) can alone bring much revenue in some hotels in comparison to other outlets in Hotel. 7. Ball Rooms: These are large Function Rooms which are primarily used for Functions and Weddings. The Staffing ration of Full Time Staff in this section is very less as the Function and Wedding Business can sometimes be seasonal and extra staff is usually filled in by the use of Casual Staff. This Section is the most Dynamic section in Food & Beverage with the Conference Section, which is more physically demanding and creatively oriented. 8. Delicatessen: Delicatessen or Deli traditionally had been a place where fresh meat and other produce were available. Hotels nowadays use this concept of having a Deli on their premises, where guests can buy fresh produce ranging from Freshly Baked Bread, Cold Meat, Fresh Salads, Cakes, Home Made Ice creams and light and healthy drinks. 9. Others: There are many other Food & Beverage outlets ranging from Fast Food Outlets to Food Courts to Snack Bars which are usually stand alone or in a shopping centre. This is just a brief introduction to Food and Beverage. Detailed information on Food and Beverage can be found at Food and Beverage Bible E Book By Santosh Koripella at: www. foodnbeveragebible. com.

The Courtesans of Bollywood

The media – whether in print, television, or the cinema – has portrayed women in all sorts of images. These images reflect how a certain society perceive women and what roles do they portray in reality. Women in Indian cinema have been variously depicted with different images which represent the division within the Indian society. Just like in any parts of the world, the classification between men and women has been distinct throughout history. Even in modern time, such classifications which further divide both sexes still exist in media because of the stereotypes that have been established.The Indian film industry, famously called as Bollywood, has effectively created films which encompassed the different faces of women in their nation. There are films that attributed them with Hindu goddesses and as well as portraying them as traditional and modern women from all division of the caste. The films that are made depicting women reflected India’s thoughts and behav ior towards sexuality and social norms. The media – despite of its tendency for exaggeration and sensationalism – draws its inspiration from real life’s circumstances, no matter how fictitious the story becomes.No matter how the characters of women are formed, their roles in the film say a lot about the current social perception of Indian Women. Two notable films in Bollywood will be the central discussion of this essay. Pakeezah (1972) and Devdas (2002) became well-known for the romantic plots amidst the struggles within social taboos combined with cinematic intensity and songs aptly made for the film. From these films, the heroines that will be given concentration belong to that level of society which is usually judged derogatively.Sahibjaan of Pakeezah and Chandramukhi from Devdas share the same profession of courtesans, and played major roles in the films showing how Indian courtesans are being personified. The discussion for the two female protagonists will revolve around their being courtesans and they symbolized India’s perception and direction of their views regarding sexuality and how their norms and social evolvement are shaped by these views. Courtesans, as seen from the films, cater to the public eye, predominantly of male audience. Their profession has been criticized by society as immoral and these women are usually isolated from the realm of an ideal woman.By exploring the two films, it will be argued how the views of courtesans are still relevant in the modern Indian society. To be able to convey the contents of the arguments for the established thesis statement, a brief background or summary of each movie will be provided. This is for the intent of giving a foundation or an origin where the standpoints will be derived. Second, there will be an attempt to categorize Indian courtesans which is distinct from courtesans of other countries. This will be connected to how the character of a courtesan became an embodiment o f India’s assumption towards sexuality.From this, Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi from the films will be subjected to analysis, comparing the differences of their roles as courtesans on the films. The essay will be concluded by gathering all the insights that have been discussed and as well as its implications on Indian society. The plot of both films is set in the conservative India where traditional elements are highly emphasized. One of the two films has been derived from a 1917 novella called Devdas. This film has many versions in different languages and the one directed by Sanjay Bhansali in 2002, is the latest and the first full colored version of the film.Devdas can be said as a classic love triangle story with the lives of the main characters closely intertwined with each other. The male protagonist Devdas came back from London to reconcile with his long-time childhood beloved Paro. The two has been arranged for marriage however, when the Paro’s maternal ancestry as dancers is revealed, her humiliated mother decided to arrange a marriage for Paro to another man. From that aspect the tragedy of the heart-broken Devdas ensues, as his college friend introduced him to the world of alcohol and carnal desires.The brothel where his friend brought him became his emotional solace or more of an emotional escapism. As Devdas began to indulge in alcoholism, he met the most famous courtesan named Chandramukhi. Her beauty and exquisite charm which made Chandramukhi as a renowned courtesan became an irresistible pull for Devdas to become close to her. On the other hand, his vulnerabilities as a man shown by his weakened state by the alcohol and the discovery of his supposed love story became the reason why Chandramukhi fell in love with him.The story takes its turn with Devdas being devoured by his alcoholic addiction and Chandramukhi’s love for him brought her to Paro to convince him to stop his self-destruction and subsequently formed a friendship w ith her. Though he did not listen, Devdas promised to see her before his death. Eventually, he confessed his love for Chandramukhi however shortly after that; he expressed his goodbye to her because of his intent to move out of the country. On his journey and with the last drink of wine, he became extremely sick. Feeling himself on the verge of death, he went to fulfill his promise to Paro to see her.Paro ran to meet him but her husband prohibited her and as Devdas dies in front of their gates, his last image is Paro trying to reach for him and screaming his name. It is a clear tragic story for the three characters as all of them are not able to achieve the happiness they wanted out of love. The dynamism of the story is presented by the diverse social upbringing of the characters. Devdas is born from the upper landowning class, while Paro came from an ordinary family whose lineage is from dancers, and Chandramukhi being a courtesan is judged by the society as immoral.The three main characters attempted to go beyond their social status as the purpose of love became their main source of strength to defy the social norms. The second film which similarly tackled defying social classifications in the name of love is, Pakeezah. Released in 1972, this film took 14 years to be completed due to personal issues between the main cast and the director. An original work of Kamal Amrohi, Pakeezah is a classic Indian courtesan movie. This film is a story about a woman who dreams of escaping a world where she felt worthless and soulless.Sahibjaan shared the same fate that her mother did, a profession which eventually led to the rejection of her father’s family. After her mother’s death, her aunt Nawabjaan adopted her and brought Sahibjaan to her brothel where she practiced dancing and singing. She became famous as a courtesan when she grew up, however, her aunt felt the need to get Sahibjaan out of the brothel when her father came searching for her. On the train ride out of the city Sahibjaan found a note that has been slipped between her toes where a stranger wrote about the beauty of her feet and not to soil it.This note became her hope to find rescue from the environment she desperately wants to escape. It also became her only evidence that this particular stranger is the only one who can love her truly and the note is her first real communication with someone who has a pure intention towards her. She was able to meet the stranger who is a forest ranger named Salim, and because of her fear that he might reject her, Sahibjaan kept her true identity. Salim brought her to his family however as men recognized Sahibjaan as the courtesan, Salim’s family disapproved.Despite of Sahibjaan’s confession about her work, Salim’s feelings did not change and both of them ran away together. He eventually decided to marry her, renaming Sahibjaan as Pakeezah meaning ‘the pure one. ’ However, her shame and fear as being a courtesan dominated her, and not wanting to ruin Salim’s reputation Sahibjaan fled from him and called off the marriage. Her decision has left Salim hurting and as a way of retaliation and coping with the pain, Salim decided to marry another woman and invited Sahibjaan for his wedding. In this part of the film, she danced on broken glasses practically symbolizing the pain that both of them share.A revelation has been made when Salim’s uncle, Shahabuddin, learns that Sahibjaan is his long-lost daughter and it resulted to a happy-ending for Sahibjaan, knowing that her father will save her from the world she wanted to get away from, and as well as a possibility for her love for Salim to be reconsidered. Just like the film Devdas, Pakeezah tells about a romantic story of a courtesan with a heart. Someone like Sahibjaan does not desire to be a courtesan forever and wanted to become a real woman by meeting her future husband and be a wife.There is also the familiar pattern of the characters disregarding their social status to be able to experience a relationship with one another. It leaves the impression of Indian movies such as these that the division of the caste system in reality is strictly followed. Pakeezah and Devdas are two classic Bollywood films which portrays the kind of women often degraded by the society. These films presented the courtesans with such humanity which goes beyond their profession of enticing and engaging their audience towards them.Courtesans can be said to have prominently existed way before the times of the monarchy. Indian courtesans are said to be â€Å"sexually liberated and educated women who dance in the temples and at public ceremonies and the only women who are allowed to learn to read, sing, and dance† (Feldman & Gordon, 2006, p. 161). Just like other courtesans in general, they are meant to entertain and offer their company to men. Their difference from prostitutes is that sexual intercourse is just one of their services. They engage in discussions, in festivals, and in the arts. Simone de Beauvoir further differentiates the two:Prostitutes need two kinds of men, client and protector. In her environment man is superior to woman, and this setting apart favors a kind of love-religion which explains the abnegation of certain prostitutes. For the courtesans, beauty and charm or sex appeal are necessary but not enough, she must be recognize as a person. Her pride, her independence, and her money mean that she will never be ‘taken’ – no man will be her absoluter master. † (cited in Kazmi, 1994, p. 237) From the two films, as courtesans their bodies became the attraction to be able to play the part.The dances and mujras by Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi are utilized to emphasize their body part and allure to entice men. As in Indian cinema, women are placed in the cast for the purpose of having something ‘pleasurable in the eyes’ on the screen. â€Å"In t heir traditional exhibitionist role, women are simultaneously looked at and displayed with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness† (Kazmi , 1994, p. 234). Since their roles are courtesans, they are always under the scrutiny of their male clients.Their publicized sexuality makes them a property of the society. However, from the films, it can be seen that the courtesans fell in love with the male protagonists both coming from noble families. This love makes them as the hero’s property, thus, losing their â€Å"generalized sexuality and showgirl connotations† and their erotic charms are for the male protagonists alone (Kazmi, 1994, p. 234). That sense of property has not been made official since Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi are not seen married under traditional ceremonies.This gives the impression that India may not view courtesans as an ideal wife, no matter how the circumstances of falling in love may occur. In Devdas, Chandramukhi is seen as a feisty woman who holds her dignity as a courtesan. Despite of the numerous males gawking at her performance and by the harsh judgments which society throws at her, she never did want to become someone else or want anything other than Devdas. She has a strong image of a courtesan portrayed in the film. Chandramukhi can be classified as the classic courtesan who has lived by her destiny to please the public, though she is condemned by it.By the time that she became too attached with Devdas, her duty of pleasing many people has been devoted to please Devdas so he could ease his sufferings. Chandramukhi’s sacrifice of letting Devdas go symbolized her gratitude for him the moment he confessed that he loves her as well. Because that love is rarely given to a courtesan like her and the fact Devdas see her as a normal woman worthy of it, she devoted her life taking care of him and letting go of him in the end even if it entails her happiness (Nair, 2002, p. 86). On the other hand, Sahibjaan is portrayed as a courtesan struggling for an escape from the world she grew up with.Unlike Chandramukhi, Sahibjaan is a courtesan who wished to change her life and get out of her profession. However, the history of her mother’s life haunts her, encapsulating her in fear that she might never achieve the normal life that she wanted. A courtesan who pleases out of duty, the film focused on making her worthy of marriage. The scene where Salim renamed her as Pakeezah provided her the status that she is still worthy of being a wife despite of being a courtesan. She can be said as someone who subsequently gives in to the cruel prejudices of society.By refusing Salim’s offer of marriage, Sahibjaan continues to be a possession of the public, denying herself the happiness that she wanted to be rescued by the one man she loves. Nonetheless, both women have exuded strength when it comes to making choices. Though the y have been portrayed as weak for love and for rescue, they have made decisions which in their knowledge can deprive them of the happiness that they want. In society, since courtesans are made to please the world, sacrificing their own personal interests is a part of their duty.Thus, their role as a public commodity strips them off the right to be part of the private sphere, which includes the family. The courtesans of Indian cinema maybe considered as the origin of independent women in Indian society. A courtesan is said to have â€Å"the courage to confront society, established morality, and the powers that be† (Kazmi, 1994, p. 231). That the courtesans in these films are the early embodiments of empowering women’s sexuality when it comes to breaking social norms, since in the conservative Indian nation courtesans or good women alike, are considered marginalized.Courtesans can be viewed as the mortal goddesses of the Indian society who can personify evil and goodness in how sexuality is perceived. References Feldman, M. , & Gordon, B. (2006). The Courtesan’s Art. New York: Oxford University Press. Kazmi, F. (1994). Muslim Socials and the Female Protagonist: Seeing a Dominant Discourse at Work. In Forging Identities: Gender, Communities, and the State, (pp. 226-243). Zoya, H. (Ed. ). New Delhi: Kali for Women. Nair, P. K. (2002). â€Å"The Devdas Syndrome in Indian Cinema. † Cinemaya 56/57, Autumn/Winter : 827.