Music Therapy for Health and Wellness

Lilia Grabenstein Professor Lambert Hartman GWRTC 103 11 October 2012 How Does Music Therapy Affect Patient’s Psychological and Physiological Well-being? Many countries that you can travel to, have their own style of music that makes up their culture, which is incorporated into their lifestyles. Music was not only created around the world for enjoyment, but has been used as a form of comfort, a stress reliever, and a healer (â€Å"What Is Music Therapy? †).According to the American Cancer Society, in their Find and Support Treatment section, music therapy was developed in during World War II where it was used in US Veteran Administration hospitals to treat soldiers from suffering from shell shock (â€Å"Music Therapy†). From a personal experience, I feel that music eases my tension, helps me focus, and relates to how I am feeling. In addition to my personal experience and connection with music, I was curious to see how music can be even more therapeutic. I am int erested about the profession of music therapy as well as the effects that it has on patients and people with disabilities.For my research, I decided to choose the question, â€Å"What effect does music therapy have on various patients’ physical and mental wellbeing? † I wanted to examine this question more intently, because I believe that music therapy can provide evidence for a new method of healing for people that suffer from illnesses including cancer, disease, and depression as well as mental disabilities like autism. As I started my research, I first wanted to find out what music therapy was and what type of audience it was aimed toward.The first resource that I found to steer me in the right direction was the Music Therapy Association website where I read, â€Å"What is Music Therapy? † This provided me with the basic definition of music therapy and how it aimed to help their patients. Music Therapy is defined as, â€Å"the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program (â€Å"What is Music Therapy? †). Here, I learned that the entire website is geared toward people who find it difficult to express themselves and feel strengthened by the music that the program is creating for them. For many years music therapy has been developing and helping to ease the pain of many patients ranging from various ages with illnesses and disorders. Specialized in this area, music therapists are â€Å"trained professionals who assess the well being of the physical health, communications, and functions of client needs† (â€Å"What Is Music Therapy? ). Some of their main goals are to â€Å"promote wellness, alleviate pain enhance memory, and promote physical rehabilitation† (â€Å"What Is Music Therapy? †). The website gives you the opportunity to sign up as a Music Th erapist, attend conferences for the program, and provides many stories and quotes about personal experiences with musical therapy. Although this website was beneficial to the start of my search, I knew I needed more to do more in depth research about my topic.I decided to expand on my previous topic so I searched the LEO Library Website on the JMU page for further research. Here, I found a book called Interactive Music Therapy, where Amelia Oldfield shares her experience from traveling to a Child Development Center where she conducted a study the developmental relationship on children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their parents. Since Oldfield specializes in studying children with ASD, I knew she would provide quality information for me to include.For eighteen to twenty-six weeks Oldfield studied ten children and their parents by video analysis, semi-structured parent interviews, music therapy reports, and Parenting Stress Index questionnaires. After hours of recording data at t he end of the study, nine out of ten parents felt the sessions proved to have a positive impact after participating in the program. The children resulted in increased levels of engagement, communication levels, playfulness, and interaction with their parents.Parents PSI levels all lowered, but it was proven that two pairs of parents PSI levels decreased dramatically. The video analysis data was not as positive as the music report, which proved to be more helpful in the study (Oldfield 157-169). After reading this excerpt, I gained more insight into understanding how interactions, communication, and even relaxation levels can increase based on music therapy treatments. At this point in my study, I knew that I had made progress in researching he topic of music therapy and how it increased interaction of children with ASD. I knew that I had to dig even deeper if I wanted to support my question. Oldfield’s study seemed like children with ASD were increasing their connection with their parents. I wanted to learn even more about how music therapy could potentially improve autistic children’s learning methods. In my next source, Hayoung A. Lim shares a perspective of children with ASD in the classroom. In addition to my last research source, I decided to go to the library to further my research.I took about six books off the shelf, and one that stood out to me was Developmental Speech-Language Training Through Music for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders, by Hayoung A. Lim, which provided me with another variation of a test on children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In a study Lim shares, Carla Hoskins investigated sung and spoken versions of three standardized speech tests, which included a verbal test, verbal with pictures, and a sung version with guitar. This was used to see if it would produce better short-term memory.Through multiple tests with regular verbal talk, music, and music with words, there was a significant difference in learning ex perience of the children in each group. It appeared to be evident that the tests with the verbal music with pictures improved short-term memory, increased communication, created more focus in the classroom. The results of this research was the cause of enjoyment in accordance to the method using music and pictures, which took away from the boring learning atmosphere compared to other methods (Lim 73-77).After reading this excerpt, I came to the conclusion that these tests and studies on children with ASD and delayed speech development started to clarify the first part of my question about the improvement of the psychological well-being of people. This information gave me a clearer perspective of how music and learning combined makes it more exciting, especially for children to gain knowledge about certain subjects. Besides children, I wanted to understand how music could also affect adults and teens.Another great article that I found on the LexisNexis Academic database was about how music therapy can be an â€Å"effective tool in enhancing the quality of life among cancer survivors and people suffering from chronic illnesses† (Wee). May Wong Mei-lin found the Hong Breast Cancer Foundation after she experienced breast cancer herself, where the Hong Kong Music Therapy program had professionals perform for patients. A breast cancer survivor that attended Hong Kong Breast Cancer Foundation, Pollina Ip Lai-chun, joined a program called Melody-in-Mind after experiencing depression after chemotherapy.She stated that singing lifted her spirits and she feels that she has become â€Å"more cheerful† (Wee). In Wee’s article, she included the four types of intervention in a music therapy session: performing including singing or playing instruments, composing, improvising, and listening. In addition, Wee included some studies in her article like one that was conducted in 2009 by the University of Maryland Medical center that found that, â€Å"Alzheime r’s patients who received music therapy experienced lower levels of anxiety and depression†.She also discovered a study from Drexel University by Joke Bradt provided that, â€Å"music can reduce anxiety in cancer patients, and may also have positive effects on mood, pain, and quality of life†. Lastly, another study included from Nature Neuroscience showed that listening to preferred music could cause the brain to release a dopamine chemical that improves our moods. This information created answers to my questions and even expanded on the side effects music therapy can have on the brain. This positive feedback made my research process look even more promising.After numerous amounts of research, I kept finding articles that discussed the improvement in psychological areas, but I was very adamant about learning if music therapy truly could help the physiological state of being for patients that had were in worse conditions of illness. If I could find more informatio n about physical improvement, I could answer my initial question confidently. In some cases, I have heard that music can be a factor in curing sicknesses and diseases, so I was also curious to see if this information was factual.In my final day of research, a study that I read from the American Cancer Society called â€Å"Music Therapy†, included that in a clinical trial, musical therapy provided for cancer patients was proven to reduce symptoms like high blood pressure, heart rate, insomnia, and breathing rate. This information provides evidence that music therapy can help our physiological state. While reading this article, I found the author included that music did help short-term pain after surgeries, but a key factor that I noticed was that he stated, â€Å"there were no difference in survival rates† (â€Å"Music Therapy†).Soon after I read this, I realized that the method of musical therapy might help emotional well-being and decrease in levels like stress , but it would not actually cure a patient of a medical illness. After I searched through different data bases on the LEO Library, my eye caught various titles like â€Å"Music Therapy Cures Stroke Patients† and â€Å"Music Therapy Cures Cancer Patients†. However, the articles and excerpts I read were very short and did not have factual evidence to support the claims. With that, I have concluded that Music Therapy does not help our physiological wellbeing as much as it helps our psychological wellbeing.Although I could not find too much supporting evidence about the physical aid that music therapy provides patients besides reducing things like heart rate, the last article I stumbled upon provided a new angle of vision toward my topic. Although I found many article about curing illnesses, this story provided a unique twist to my research about the use of music therapy in a hospice setting. The article â€Å"Music Therapy Taken To Hospice Patients†, Sarah Pitts, a trained musical therapist, worked in a four-year musical therapy program at the Hospice of West Alabama in Tuscaloosa.Pitts brought instruments like drums, which helped release tension in children that had cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy. Pitts saw improvement in patients who had overcome strokes and had other similar impairments. She even played music for a family that requested here while the patient died peacefully. As Pitts simply played on her guitar and sang for patients, she was able help reduce anxiety in her patients and even a few patients became well enough to leave hospice (â€Å"Music Therapy Taken To Hospice Patients†).This article did provide evidence of physical improvement in relation to patients with physical impairments, however, not enough information was provided that signified dramatic physical improvement. After hours of research spent in the library and online, I found that the art of music therapy provides a healing power for people everywhere. Whether we are elderly, youth, or teenagers, we all can find a comfort while listening to music. The goal of music therapists is to provide an interactive atmosphere where patients can socialize and physically watch a performance wherever they may reside.In response to my initial research question, I have concluded that music therapy is beneficial in augmenting the intellect of children with disabilities, lowering anxiety levels, easing tension, and lowering heart rate, to name few. In addition, my research provided that music therapy alone doesn’t cure cancer and illnesses. There is a possibility that it has cured patients, but many studies that I read concluded that the music only eased short-term pain. Overall, I have found that music therapy has been proven to increase our psychological well being more than our physical wellbeing.I would have to conduct more research about music therapy and its capability of physically curing patients fully in order to answer my research question more accurately. Annotated Bibiographies Lim, Hayoung A. Lim. Developmental Speech-Language Training Through Music for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2012. 73-77. Print. This book provides copious amounts of information for parents that are curious in learning about how they can help their child become more at ease by using music therapy.In the chapter I read, there was a test that was made for children that tested the short term memory of children with ASD which improved after testing with musical therapy. This article is important because it informs us about different ways autistic children can enhance their development of intelligence with this unique approach. â€Å"Music Therapy†. Find Support and Treatment. American Cancer Society. 1 Nov. 2011. Web 10 Oct. 2012. The article from the American Cancer society website about music therapy is geared toward readers curious about alternative methods of relieving the pain o f cancer patients.It talks about the benefits of attaining an overall sense of well-being that patients receive from music therapy at the bedside in hospitals. This article is helpful in providing information about the many physical reliefs that music can help to treat various cancer patients. â€Å"Music Therapy Taken to Hospice Patients†. Hospice Management Advisor (2010): LexisNexis Academic. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. Written for readers who are interested in methods of healing during hospice, this journal article provides how a music therapist improved spirits of patients in critical conditions.This article shares how being part of interactive musical therapy can help patients in hospice to ease their anxiety and maintain their peace by listening to therapists like Sarah Pitts. This information is valuable because it promotes the development of both psychological and physiological wellbeing that can improve attitudes of people that are suffering from illness. Oldfield, Amelia. I nteractive Music Therapy: A Positive Approach. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006. 157-169. Print. In this interactive online book, Oldfield creates her focus toward parents of children with disabilities.Specifically, in one of her studies, she observed interactions of parents and their children who took many music therapy tests and structured interviews. This chapter in the book provided that music therapy does have an impact on how children with autism interact with their surroundings, providing that they were more open to self-expression, learning, and interaction while listening to music during the tests. Wee, Margaret. â€Å"Music Therapy is Proving to be an Effective Tool in Enhancing the Quality of Life Among Cancer Survivors and People Suffering From Chronic Illnesses†.South China Morning Post (2011): LexisNexis Academic. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. This is a journalistic article that features a story written for readers who are curious about cures for breast canc er. While music therapy is not exactly a cure for breast cancer, this article provides information about how it acts as a temporary healer for patients suffering from depression and anxiety during chemotherapy. This is an important article because it provides valuable information that can help researchers gain more insight about the healing music therapy promotes. What Is Music Therapy? † Music Therapy Association. 2011. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. This website provides stories about various patient’s who experienced the healing of music therapy. The website provides an opportunity for music therapists to sign up online and join for a good cause. The website provides basic definitions and information about what the association is geared toward. From this there are many beneficial links about AMTA and how it is utilized in places like schools, nursing homes, and hospitals.

Aims of education Essay

Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Scraps of information have nothing to do with it. A merely well-informed man is the most useless bore on God’s earth. What we should aim at producing is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. We have to remember that the valuable intellectual development is self- development, and that it mostly takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve. A saying due to Archbishop Temple illustrates my meaning. Surprise was expressed at the success in after-life of a man, who as a boy at Rugby had been somewhat undistinguished. He answered, â€Å"It is not what they are at eighteen, it is what they become afterwards that matters. † In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must beware of what I will call â€Å"inert ideas†-that is to say, ideas that are merely received into the mind without being utilised, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations. In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a ferment of genius, in a succeeding generation exhibit merely pedantry and routine. The reason is, that they are overladen with inert ideas. Education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful – Corruptio optimi, pessima. Except at rare intervals of intellectual ferment, education in the past has been radically infected with inert ideas. That is the reason why uneducated clever women, who have seen much of the world, are in middle life so much the most cultured part of the community. They have been saved from this horrible burden of inert ideas. Every intellectual revolution which has ever stirred humanity into greatness has been a passionate protest against inert ideas. Then, alas, with pathetic ignorance of human psychology, it has proceeded by some educational scheme to bind humanity afresh with inert ideas of its own fashioning. Let us now ask how in our system of education we are to guard against this mental dryrot. We enunciate two educational commandments, â€Å"Do not teach too many subjects,† and again, â€Å"What you teach, teach thoroughly. † The result of teaching small parts of a large number of subjects is the passive reception of disconnected ideas, not illumined with any spark of vitality. Let the main ideas which are introduced into a child’s education be few and important, and let them be thrown into every combination possible. The child should make them his own, and should understand their application here and now in the circumstances of his actual life. From the very beginning of his education, the child should experience the joy of discovery. The discovery which he has to make, is that general ideas give an understanding of that stream of events which pours through his life, which is his life. By understanding I mean more than a mere logical analysis, though that is included. I mean â€Å"understanding† in the sense in which it is used in the French.

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Journal Articles - Article Example The Democratic Party’s intense support for the principle of the Manifest Destiny, through the policies of the Democrat President James K. Polk, was the impetus of the war which moulded the nation (Apilado, 2011). The turn of events and the feats of the American political affairs at that time were discussed in Michael A. Morrison’s article "'New Territory versus No Territory': The Whig Party and the Politics of Western Expansion, 1846-1848" published on the Western Historical Quarterly. The History of 1846-1848 in the Eyes of Morrison The important arguments presented in Morrison’s article all revolve on the significant events of the Mexican-American War and the political affairs behind it. It analyses the dispute between important politicians of that time which emphasizes on the debate of the US territorial expansion. The pieces of evidence that the author uses in the article explicitly shows the partisan politics that delves on the politicians’ conviction on the use of force in order to achieve more territories and the otherwise. Morrison also tackles the views of the Democrat Federal government with concerns to the Congressional oppositions that Polk’s policies have met at the duration of the war. ... The article, in general, is a political analysis of the early American nation and the accompanying effects which ultimately manifest to the territorial expansion of the country. The author had written it in such a way that his arguments revolve on the different political sides and sentiments of the federal policy to sustain the two-year war with Mexico. More importantly, Morrison’s article creates much area for debate when it comes to the principles of the respective political parties at that time. It establishes insights on the partisan decisions of the federal government and the gravity of oppositions that the policies meet from staunch political rivals in the Congress. Manifest Destiny and Partisan Politics: the Dispute between the Whigs and the Democrats In the course of the American history, the principle of the Manifest Destiny had underwent through numerous developments which proved its full effect upon the formation of what is known to be the existing territorial expan se of the American nation. The principle simply states the use of conquest or force through military might which can award the nation more territories. The desire for further expansion after the nation’s freedom from the British colonial rule had manifested in many policies that the federal government had taken. A perfect example of this can be seen during the presidency of James Monroe and his Monroe Doctrine in the 1820s. The Monroe Doctrine explicitly stated the expulsion of any influence of any European power in the Americas and the propagation of the idea of Pan Americanism. Although Manifest Destiny was not a direct policy basis for the Monroe Doctrine, the very idea of territorial control was an emergent effect of President Monroe’s policy. The

Health and disease in human populations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and disease in human populations - Essay Example This essay outlines the hazards of agriculture on health with regard to diseases, illnesses, and work hazards; and will outline the benefits of farm production by taking a look at food security, physical and mental health, and social environments. According to Schenker (661-664), farming involves contact to a variety of respiratory toxins exposing farmers to various respiratory conditions. This includes contact to organic dusts through grain handling and enclosed animal feeding ways. For example, farmers that keep a large number animals can spend long hours in confined facilities exposing them to organic dust. Grain dirt is also inorganic dust and grains like sorghum appear to be the most associated with respiratory symptoms. Farmers risk exposed to bacterial, microbial, fungal organisms and toxic gases. Inorganic dirt is mainly soil component and has a high level of silica. This risk is associated mainly with farmers in arid regions. Chemical poisoning is another risk attached to farming practices. When not properly used can lead to death through poisoning. Price of medical attention, reduced productivity can be high. In emergent countries, wellbeing risks related to farming chemical products are having high chances of occur rence. Farmers in developing countries lack the knowledge on proper use of farm chemicals and regulatory systems of chemicals. Chemicals used in agriculture cause metal poisoning to natural sources of water. This can create immense health risks for populations that live in those areas. Agriculture practices provide reproduction places for disease and promote parasite longevity; cause loss of essential marauder species that control parasites increasing man-vector contact (Agricultural Development and Vector-Borne Diseases, 16). This includes parasites like mosquitoes. Irrigation schemes, crops grown, chemical inputs can all lead to the promotion of breeding of vectors that cause disease. Facilities

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To what extent, if any, do the interests of strategy practitioners and academic strategists coincide - Essay Example It gives emphasis on freedom, security, social justice, and protection of the environment and non can be achieved on the basis solely of the market forces. The strategies applied in the economic development are facilitated by a free market and it fosters efficient allocation of factors of production, the strategy practitioner usually adopts the nation principal institutional instrument of collective action (Strategic Studies, 2007). Strategy practitioners incorporate their knowledge into production as the practical means of achievement and the government takes the responsibility in mediating the interests and making policies that are based on the agreement that involves in countries leading particular social groups that are committed to development. The nature of strategies arises from the needs and opportunity in organizing efforts to raise living standards. There is a high correlation between the academic strategists and strategy practitioners particularly in the achievement of major political objectives. The society is viewed as civil society and a nation, and the society agree on national development strategy contributed by the academic strategists wherein it gives a strong and lively nation. ... In developing a strategy, there is planning applied in early stages of the establishment. Despite the limitations of the market, general planning is indicative and plans become specific in dealing with the industries that are viewed in the moment as strategic. The strategy persists in global capitalism rather a national competition strategy. The development of strategy is the result of collective decision making process. It pursues alternatives that are capable of steering it towards development. The nature in strategic development arises on the needs and opportunity in raising its living standards and with the correlation between the development and achievement of major objectives.In the development of strategies, it involves entrepreneurs, bureaucrats, and workers. Strategy with program regarded as means by which the actors have incomplete information and have limited rationality that appraise the alternatives and make choices. Strategies are series of decision being carried out in well defined manner and it enables the terms in the assessment of alternatives. The strategy takes three principles such as its consideration to the strong games only, it gives emphasis on the alternatives available to the opponents, and it allows the opponent to make moves in response. Strategists begin by diagnosing the situation and in searching all the alternatives, however they cannot pursue every alternative but within the framework it appears to be more promising and satisfactory. The academic strategists have no illusion as to optimization and they know that they have limited time in making decisions. Interest of Strategy P 3 In the implementation of defined strategy, it use all means available such as by writing laws, adopting economic policies, and they

Hyperopia (eye defect) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hyperopia (eye defect) - Essay Example For example, in mild cases of this disorder eyes may focus without corrective lenses. In some other forms of hyperopia, eyeglasses or contact lenses can be prescribed. As a rule, new born children have some problems of hyoperopia (Tsubota, Boxer Wacher, Azar, and Koch, 2003). This can be explained by an abnormal in eyeball length. This disorder is characterized by inability of the retina to reflect light primary to changing into a focused image, which can lead to difficulty seeing of close objects (Eye Health: Presbyopia and Your Eyes, October, 2005). Different mistakes of vision can be explained in terms of hyperopia, for example a person can have from none to clear distance vision or blurry near vision (Edmiston). The brains of a child with hyperopia cannot identify sharp lines. Parents of these children cannot understand that the child has some problems at an early age. A child with hyperopia can have problems when focusing one's attention on a particular object. There is a lackin g of a child's ability identify images. Some serious cases of hyperopia prevent brains from merging the images identified by individual eyes. This can be explained by blurred images received from brains. ... This type of drops relaxes the accommodation. The patient's visual status can be determined with the help of hand-held instrument called a retinoscope. It is possible to measure a refractive error in units called diopters (D) (Chou, 2006.) This disease is also known as farsightedness, when a person can see distant objects clearly, but close objects as blurred ones. Individuals suffering hyperopia can experience it in a different manner. Hyperopia is more characterized as eye disorder, but not as a disease. On the basis of recent researches and studies it is possible to find out different characteristics of this eye disorder. For example, the scientists have claimed that age of people and their gender influences development of this disorder. Female gender patients are more subjected to hyperopia. Other scientists claim that males are more subjected to this eye disorder. Actually, it is relevant to refer to the reliability of data and statistics used to rely on the results of the studi es. In accordance with findings of 2010: â€Å"farsightedness commonly affects people during middle age - during their 40s or 50s, but it may also be present from birth. The majority of children who are born with some degree of hyperopia tend to get better as they get older and their eyes develop† (Nordqvist, 2010). The National Health Service (NHS), UK, underlines that 13.2% of British people suffer this disorder, though they are 20-25 years aged. If to consider hyperopia from a physiological point of view, it is possible to see that there are the following features, which are appropriate for people suffering from it. The cornea is a front part of an eye that transmits the light and focuses it in the eye. The lens is so-called transparent structures in the

What is a good design,Is Inclusivity and universality good design Case Study

What is a good design,Is Inclusivity and universality good design - Case Study Example Therefore, such diversity in design use inherently affects its inclusivity and universality during design decision as well as whether it will be relevant to a particular target use. Inclusivity has moved from the periphery of design thinking to the middle-of-the-road where its embrace by major companies has been on the rise to give practical guidance for business leaders, design teams and design managers (Reed & Monk, 2006, p. 59). Inclusive design ensures that products, services and environments are easier to use for those individuals with special needs or any kind of limitation. Inclusivity always has its influence from social trends and pressure for the design of a particular human diversity that exist among people (Coleman, Clarkson, Dong & Cassim, n.d, p. 2). Therefore, inclusive design thinks globally and at the same time, it recognises and celebrates human diversity. Such global and human diversity sensitivity is imperative in attainment of intended use. Inclusivity of design acknowledges and embraces the difference that people have that can be physical, cultural, intellectual and aspirational or lifestyle. According to designer mangers, understanding and catering for the human differences is crucial to business success. In the UK, the rights of those with disability have extended the access of services including the design technology, which must take care of all human diversity and differences (Coleman, Clarkson, Dong & Cassim, n.d, p. 5). Such human rights and laws have gained vantage in design and technology industry with consequent effects in inclusive designs. Consequently, designers must embrace such human laws and produce inclusive designs even for the disabled. In as a much as every design has the potential to include or exclude customers, the concept of inclusive design include access to information and related services through the internet and telecommunication media (ICT). Inclusivity therefore should deal with practicali ties of a product

Internet Technology, Marketing, and Security Research Paper - 2

Internet Technology, Marketing, and Security - Research Paper Example It is based on some basic set of assumptions. The general conception is a well-built confidence in amplified sales for a mature business that promotes good quality products, excellent pricing, fine ads, and even improved social repute if they decide to run the correct advertisements for the correct audience. The fundamental paraphernalia was almost always accessible to mark demographic categories on social media. This one concept was embedded with the ever mounting number of people using social media sites from their machines and their personal digital assistants gave the momentum for management to agree on the fact that the only reasonable way to succeed is to go ahead via social media, and if accomplishment was not attained during their anticipated time frame then the resolution had to be more assets that must be invested into the project ( Belch, 2012). This ended up as a fuel to new development for social media corporations assisting them to build up even more tempting networks i n accordance to their clientele. Facebook, being one of the largest social media company is a result of the above described phenomenon. There are also some that worked on user data mining as Flow Town that is under Demand force, went forward with the objective to put up user information for sale to companies that opt for express mail while thinking to better deal with their end user links using custom notifications exclusively customized for each depending on their social media action on all sites. (Bloch, 2010) It is a hoax with numerous admirers still hoping for a marketing magic land. But as many failed events commence to come up generating new ideas, a novel way of thinking, an innovative estimation is at the moment offered to the community at large that evidently recognizes the imperfection of the procedure and predicts an opposite way to move for the now imagined business. Answer:2 There are several advantages and disadvantages when social media is used by business entrepreneu rs. The obvious advantage comprises of  data collection from media users via internet and then arranging data through software that eliminates manual activity of sorting data. Initially developing customized applications will be costly and take some time but it is worth the effort and money because a lot of time and resources are saved in the future and important data including market content is being provided (Smith and zook, 2011). Other advantages of social media comprise of Low costs, builds credibility, and the augmented number of associations (DAS, 2009) and modifying an existing business to make it efficient or making a new business (Mercer, 2009) . A noteworthy benefit of social media advertising is growing experience and growing traffic. almost two-thirds of marketers are utilizing social media to increase marketplace intellect.(65%). Attached for fourth place, 58% of marketers specify producing front and increasing devotees are repayment of social media (Stelzner, 2012). Shortcoming would contain, from a marketer's perspective, protection apprehension, particularly those relevant to Internet privacy and security concerns. Marketers may also be anxious about expenses of considerable quantity of resources to give guarantee  for building trust to media users to reassure the users that all information taken

The logical system of the mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The logical system of the mind - Essay Example Suppose instead that we deny that the mind is some mysterious substance, and we hold instead that there are only mental events and that "the mind" designates no more than a series of mental events We can still inquire about the relation between mind and body in a different way, in terms of the relation between mental events and physical events. We can ask: Are mental events totally different from physical events, so that you can't explain what mental events are in terms of physical events; or are mental events somehow explainable as being the same as physical events For example, when John feels a pain, a mental event is occurring; now is that pain even possibly the same as something that occurs in John's brain, such as the firing of some special group of neurons Now this question we will examine. The mind-body problem can be introduced more fully with an example. Suppose John decides to walk across the room, whereupon he does in fact walk across the room. ... We might ask: How is it possible that a decision, which is something mental, resulted in something in your brain, which is something physical If we say that the mental and the physical are totally different sorts of things, then how can one have any causal impact on the other How can a mere mental event, a decision, actually cause neurons in my brain to start firing The very idea might seem absurd. On one view , a better description of the situation is this: John's decision is itself a physical event. When John decides to take my trip across the room, a group of neurons fire in his brain. He is not aware of those neurons; but the firing of those neurons is itself just the same as his decision. There isn't any more to the decision than that physical event. So, on the view in question, there's no trouble thinking about how a mental event can have a physical effect; mental events are themselves physical. Ultimately, everything is physical. The mind-body problem is a philosophical problem, and as such it has philosophical solutions. Those solutions lead to the adoption of a point of view about the mind-body problem, which, in turn, leads to a particular way of dealing with the world. Usually, most of us do not think about our own solutions to the mind-body problem, and, sometimes, we may use different solutions at different times. In the Middle Ages, the mind-body problem was not even identified as a problem, and, therefore, the "solution" then was completely confounded, meaning that mind and body were thoroughly bound up together in one complex and confusing bundle. What is the mind-body problem Descartes helped to define it when he noted that if he amputated his foot, he had affected his

Greeting Cards Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Greeting Cards - Research Paper Example Greeting cards has the potential to play a pivotal role in maintaining the goodwill of the business. The businesses use them to remind business partners of their presence. When businesses receive greeting cards on and off, they may also feel valued and important for the client. The feeling of importance may allow the business to take further interest in strengthening relationship ties with other clients. The application of greeting cards became modern just like other aspects of our lives. Nowadays, people are sending greeting cards through electronic means, but the people have lost the true taste of receiving them because human mind does not respond well towards online greeting cards in the same way. The human mind and personality internalizes stimulus in print more powerfully than electronic ones. The trend of building and forging social relations is also dying out in the modern era of the 21st century. The humans of modern times are very active on Facebook and they tend to enjoy their experience of socialization on the web. However, they are completely unaware of the fact that they might have thousands of friends on the internet. They do not have a shoulder to lean on in the times of sorrow. The modern friends remain part of one’s life during good times only, and they fly away on sighting the first sign of trouble. That is the difference between conventional friendship and modern one. In historical times, the buddy was even closer than one’s blood relatives (Fischer & Reuber, 2011). The present is witnessing breaking down of social relations that kept the community together. On the other hand, the online socialization sites are making billions by just getting people to place clicks so the humanity is dying out, and economic considerations have become very valuable during the process of selecting friends and partners. Human development and grooming occurred as a result of

Owner-Manager Types Essay Example for Free

Owner-Manager Types Essay Cranfield School of Management has been studying the behaviour of entrepreneurs and their relationship with key staff in some thousands of growing UK companies. Cranfield study has concluded that it is the entrepreneurs themselves who are the most likely to be the biggest stumbling block to the growth and development of their own company. Cranfield grouped entrepreneurs into four dominant types of relationship with their staff, mainly: Heroes, Artisans, Meddlers and Strategists. Past Cranfield studies shows that most small firms do not think very much about their future strategy. In fact, less than a third of small and medium enterprises across Europe set their objectives in terms of profit and margins. This is somewhat surprising as profit and profitability are the key measures of business success. However, as over two-thirds of owner-managed companies with a turnover of i 10 million do not have a plan at all, it should come as no surprise that few entrepreneurs are strategists. Other research has uncovered the shocking fact that 60 per cent of senior staff in small firms leave within two years of their appointment. Some of these early departures can be put down to poor recruitment. The researchers studied two important elements of this relationship. The first element studied was how much time the owner-manager spent on routine management tasks such as marketing, selling, analysing figures, reviewing budgets or arbitrating between managers. The second one examines what level of business skills has been attained by the key staff. Heroes Probably the Heroes undertake one management function such as sales or production. The Heroes time is now spent on managing the business. As the level of business skill throughout their employees is still relatively low, the Heroes will take the lead in starting routine management procedures. They will introduce ideas from the courses they attend to the firm and be the only persons who really understand them. That is the reason why they will be considered as Heroes from the rest of the employees. Unfortunately, this leads to the Heroes taking the Herculean role on their hands. In this case, allocating operations to the employees is relatively simple as the working skills in most businesses are either readily available in the local community or the people can be trained up without too much difficulty. On the other hand, passing out routine management tasks will almost always require that the owner or manager trains up his own management teams. There are few well trained managers available to the small company because of two main reasons. Firstly, the overall pool of such people is small as training in the small business sector until recently has been almost exclusively concentrated on the Entrepreneur. Secondly, well trained managers usually seek jobs in larger firms with more opportunities for advancement and more resources to practice the art of management on. The Heroes have a high capacity for improving the firm performance but still have low growth prospects when compared to their market. They have no time for strategic thinking and no depth of management to handle growth effectively. Artisans In the Cranfield model, the Artisans are characterized by low occupation with routine management tasks. The reason is that most of their time is spent producing a product or delivering a service. The level of business skills in the company is also low as most of the Artisans staff is employed helping in production or performing primary duties, such as book-keeping or selling. Artisans can include professional firms, such as architects and surveyors, manufacturers, sub-contractors or small building firms, owners of small retail chains such as chemists, video stores and proprietors of hotels and restaurants. Little time is available either for routine management tasks such as examining performance or reassessing methods. Every hour that can be sold is sold and little time is left over to either improve the quality or profitability of todays business or to consider strategy for tomorrow. The Artisans have low growth prospects in relation to their market. Their training and development needs are to raise their awareness of the management significance as a business task of equal importance with daily revenue earning. Meddlers The Meddler increases the level of management skills either by training or recruitment but then fails to delegate routine management tasks. At this stage, according to the Cranfield model, the owner-managers probably have no operative responsibilities and have assumed the role of managing directors. Typically, they spend much time anticipating subordinates, introducing more refined, but largely unnecessary management systems. They also go on courses or read books that make them even more well-informed and sometimes better at routine management tasks than their own employees, who anyway are by now doing a perfectly satisfactory job of managing todays business. They get in early and leave late and practice management by walking about. The Meddlers problem is that they cannot delegate routine management tasks because they feel useless. They have been used to a 70-90 hour week with only 10 days holiday each year. Once their management team is in place and trained, they are out of a job. Until they reduce their involvement with routine management tasks, they will limit the growth capacity of this firm for two reasons. Firstly, their management team will not take on more duties if the reward for taking on the last lot of responsibility was being irritated and criticised. Secondly, they are too busy checking on people to develop sound strategies for growth. Strategists The Strategists are the most desirable type of entrepreneurs to develop a growing business. They develop the management skills of their team to the highest appropriate level and in depth. They may introduce a staff duty to help their line managers in such areas as personnel and market research. This will free-up their key managers to think strategically too. They will dedicate roughly a third of their time to management tasks such as monitoring performance, co-ordinating activities, resolving conflict and helping to manage todays business. A third of their time will be spent motivating, counselling, developing management teams and helping them to manage change. This activity is aimed at improving the existing business. The final third of their time will be devoted on developing strategic thinking to form the shape of the future business. Their training needs will be to continuously update their core leadership and motivation skills and to increase their depth of knowledge on strategic issues, acquisition or divestment activity and financing sources. Relationship between the Owner-Manager and His Key Staff in a Growing Firm The natural path of development for the relationship between the owner-manager and his team is to pass from Artisan to Hero to Meddler and for the lucky few to become Strategists. Why Family Businesses Die The family business is deeply rooted in the sense of pride of the owner like most of other forms. Schein (1998) said that this is reinforced by a desire for autonomy which forms part of the five career anchors. This becomes possible with the combination of vision, energy and dedication. Moorman and Halloran (1993) stated that there are more businesses that fail than they succeed in this competitive market place. Twenty-four from one hundred start-ups fail in the U. S. , within the first two years and more than sixty within the first six years. This happens due to lack of planning and preparation which is the most common reason. The second is the lack of creativity which is important to survive. Some businesses offering the same product may succeed because they are doing something better and more innovative than competition. The Copy Cat approach lacks creative skills to turn its product into a unique selling proposition. This can be harmful for family businesses.

Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy X-Ray Machine

Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy X-Ray Machine Study the Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy  X-ray Machine using some Techniques Abstract The aim of the present paper is to investigate some factors affecting on quality assurance of superficial radiotherapy x-ray such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, reference, entrance and some skin cancer doses were measured for hand, face and nose. Examinations of these factors are studied using Farmer dose master connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber which was placed on the couch inside the selected field and contacted with an applicator to avoid any air gap inside a field size and 10 exposures were made. The measurements were carried out using an operating condition such as 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA 0.10 min, 6 sec. The tolerance limit for the reproducibility is equal to 0.2% , which is lower than the tolerance limit as mentioned. in American Association of physics in Medicine, AAPM . The relative Error for entrance skin dose equals 3%. The quality assurance tests of superficial radiotherapy x-ray machine are measured and compared with the international tolerance. Key words: Quality Assurance, Farmer dosemaster. .0.6 cc ionization chamber Introduction The principle goal of quality assurance of superficial x-ray machine is obtained accurately and timely assessment. The secondary goal is to maximize of radiation exposure and obtain high radiation quality. This can be assess by performance the x-ray machine by optimum operating parameters such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, Reference , Entrance and Exit dose measurements according to code safe of practice for use x-ray in medical diagnosis (NRL, 1994). [1]. Many associations reported work concerning quality assurance of superficial x-ray machine like , AAPM, [2,3] that describes quality assurance protocol for superficial radiotherapy x-ray equipment at the therapeutic technologist level. American Association of Medical Physicists in Medicine ~AAPM, [4] presents a new protocol, developed by the Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 61, for reference dosimetry of low- and medium energy x rays for radiotherapy and radiobiology (40 kV(4) . Austerlitz C, et.al, 2008 mentioned that the beam outputs presented percent differences ranging from -13 to +25%.[5]. Mehran Goharian et.al , 2010 mentioned that The measured output showed an increase of up to 7.3% relative to the neutral position (0 ° in-plane and 0 ° cross-plane) over the possible range of angles of in-plane rotation for 75 kVp (half-value layer, HVL = 1.84 mm Al)[6]. Modern research indicated that the continued successful use of kilovoltage X-ray units for superficial therapy and their different design compared with linear accelerators indicates that specific advice for this type of equipment is required. Useful guidance on quality control of kilo-voltage units is also given in Klevenhagen.et.al [7] and Williams.et.al [8]. Paevans .et.al [9] mentioned that the applicator, system interlocks and dose monitor performance that used in check of Gulmay D3300 kilovoltage X-ray therapy unit were satisfactory and the tube leakage was below the UK recommended maximum (air kerma rate 300 mGy/ h at 5 cm from the tube head). The quality assurances of therapeutic x-ray are based on the Basic Safety Standard –BSS[10] and International Commission of Radiological Protection where they mentioned that there is no limit for medical exposure but they ensure that medical exposure have to decide by consultation between medical authorities and professional bodies . The aim of the present paper is to investigate some factors affecting on quality assurance of superficial radiotherapy x-ray such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, Reference, Entrance and Exit dose measurements. Material and Method The X-strahl superficial x-ray machine was investigated for some factors of quality assurance such as reproducibility and linearity . Reproducibility is one component of the precision of a test and reported as a standard deviation. Reproducibility of dose out put of X-strahl machine was measured with Farmer Dose master connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber, which was placed on the couch inside the selected field and contacted with an applicator to avoid any air gap inside a field size and 10 exposures were made. The measurements were carried out using same operating condition such as 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA , 6 sec. The reproducibility Pz was calculated based on NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995).[11]. Where: SD is the estimator of standard deviation of a series of measurements dose [mGy], Zap is the means value of the measured [dose [mGy]. Extensive measurements were made to assess of changes in mAs on reproducibility and linearity of radiation output. It formed over a range of clinical settings. Calibrated ionization chamber used to measure output expressed as ÃŽ ¼Gy per mAs, at a set distance, without backscatter. Linearity The linearity of superficial x-ray machine was studied using farmer dose master that connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber above Perspex phantom. The linearity was checked using the next equation that stated by NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .[11]. à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ §X1-X2à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ª/X1+X2 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼0.1 Where X1 and X2 are two successive readings. Applications of superficial x-ray machine Measurement the Surface Radiotherapy Dose for Hands, Face and Nose were conducted using suitable applicator for each case. The applicator for hand treatment was 5 cm diameter, 15 FSD , the applicator for face treatment was 3 cm diameter , 15 FSD and the applicator for nose treatment was 1.5 cm diameter, 15 FSD. Results and Discussions Reproducibility Dose reproducibility for repeated doses of superficial x-ray machine was measured using farmer dosemaster connected with 0.6cc ionization chamber on the surface of Perspex phantom as shown in table 1. In the present work the maximum value was 4.404 , the minimum value was 4.374 and mean doses and standard deviation of the measurements was 4.391  ± 0.008 . The machine reproducibility was found to be 0.2% which is lower than the tolerance limit as mentioned. in NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .[11]. Table 1 the Dose reproducibility for superficial radiotherapy machine using an operating condition of 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA , 6 sec. For 0.6 cc Ionization chamber. Dose, cGy 0.6 cc Run No. 4.374 1 4.386 2 4.388 3 4.394 4 4.394 5 4.386 6 4.390 7 4.391 8 4.404 9 4.401 10 4.391  ± 0.008 Mean  ± Standard Deviation Linearity of X-ray Machine The dose output was measured as a function in miliamper second. These measurements were recorded at 25 cm source to detector distance using special applicator of diameter 25 x 25 cm2 as shown in table.2. The linearity of the superficial x-ray machine was given a result lower than 0.1 that means it lower than the tolerance level of the American Association of physics in Medicine AAPM[3] and NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .[11]. Linearity was accepted that means the x-ray tube of a machine is calibrated. Table 2. Linearity of superficial X-ray Machine Dose, , cGy mAs Time, sec Setting 23 30 6 50 kV, 5 Ma 30 60 12 45 150 30 72 240 48 90 300 60 . Measurement the Surface Radiotherapy Dose for Hands, Face and Nose The X-ray tube of the X-strahl machine was located in middle of the room surrounded by one meter from each side. The focus to skin distance, FSD for each applicator under use was adjusted for surface radiotherapy treatment such as hand, face and nose of tissue equivalent phantom. The Ionization chamber was adjusted for operating conditions of the X-ray machine as filter 1, 50kV, 5 mA, 0.2 min, and 0.2 mmAl for different applicators. The Surface dose for skin, nose and hand were recorded as shown in table 4. X-strahl -100 x-ray system low energy X-ray for treatment a wide range of superficial dermatological condition including: basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma and dermatological conditions including psoriasis. Orthovoltage units continue to be used today to treat superficial lesions; in fact, they were practically the only machines treating skin lesions before the recent emergence of electron therapy. The maximum dose from any of these low-energy units is found on the sur face of patients; thus, skin becomes the dose-limiting structure when treating patients at these energies. The depth at which the dose is 50% of the maximum is about 7 cm. Therefore the physician can be calculate the treatment dose for superficial x-ray therapy for each case. Since the total dose is equal to dose rate times the time , so, the time of treatment can calculate easily . Table 4. Entrance patient dose measurements for face, nose and hand.. ESD, (cGy) Case Applicator dimensions 56.68  ± 0.307 Face cancer 3 cm diameter , 15 FSD 241.2  ± 2.15 Nose cancer 1.5 cm diameter, 15 FSD 58.8  ± 0.669 Hand cancer 5 cm diameter, 15 FSD Conclusion This work concluded that The machine reproducibility dose out put was found to be 0.2% so patient risk will decrease. Linearity was lower than 0.1 which is lower than the tolerance limit of the international publications. The maximum dose from any of these low-energy units is found on the surface of patients; thus, skin.X-strahl machine treating skin lesions, hand, face and nose. The treatment time for hand, face, and nose cancer calculated via the surface patient dose measurement.

Secure Online Restaurant Reservation System Computer Science Essay

Secure Online Restaurant Reservation System Computer Science Essay Secure Online Restaurant Reservation System with Secure Sockets Layer is an online system that supports Android based and desktop system. This system is to replace the traditional method of reservation (offline system) which is pen-and-paper. At the same time, it is developed to reduce the workload of staff and ease the customers to make a reservation at anytime and anywhere. Todays, most of the people can easily access the web with their smartphone, desktops or laptops, and tablets. Since everyone is able to use their devices to access the internet, online services are very common in their daily life. But, there are differences of screen resolution of these devices and the traditional web design is unable to fit the content in any size of screen. Therefore, the purposed system can resolve the problem by using jQuery Mobile. jQuery Mobile is a touch optimized web framework that widely use in smartphones, tablets and computer. [1] It is compatible with major mobile and desktop platforms. Its feature are automatic scale to any screen size, minimize the script for lay out pages and creating the important features that needed in the purposed system. [2] Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a technology that provides a secure connection between web server and web browser. [3] The purposed system implements SSL in order to protect customers details such as phone number that need to submit to the server. Also, it used to secure the single sign on (SSO) of users to prevent unauthorized access, where SSO is mechanism that provides user authentication and authorization which allows user access all computers and systems without enter multiple passwords. [4] 1.2 Problem Background Nowadays, lots of restaurants are still using the traditional method for table reservation. For example, a customer makes a booking through a phone call or goes to the restaurant on the spot. These are the easiest ways for reservation. But, it seems outdated in this new era of technology as it does not include of any current technology. In facts, many problems occurred when customers who want to make a booking through a phone call. For instances, the customers do not have the contact of the restaurant, restaurantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s staff was not able to answer the booking phone call during peak hour as well as communication problems between staff and customer due to their difference of languages spoken. Besides, phone technical issues are one of the problems. For example, telephone network congestion, low signal strength and noise. This may lead the customers unable to call or difficult to have a clear conversation. All of the above problems may affect the reputations and income of the restaurant. Despite there are few restaurants provide online reservation services. But, these online restaurant systems are improper to be accessed using android operating system. In other word, android phone user are facing problem such as loading webpage slowly and inefficient of use the main features due to limitation of screen size. 1.3 Project Aim This project is to design and develop a secure online restaurant reservation system with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) that supports Android-based and desktop systems. 1.4 Objectives There are three objectives in the project: To study the existing of online restaurant reservation system. To design and develop an online restaurant reservation system that support both Android-based and desktop systems. To evaluate the system performance, usability and security to the proposed system. 1.5 Scope The scopes of this project are stated below: This work uses Station One CafÃÆ' © which located at Skudai, Johor Bahru for a case study in developing the proposed system. The system only supports Android, Tablet devices and Desktop. The system implements Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for securing single sign on (SSO). 1.6 Importance of Project The main purpose of this project is to develop secure online restaurant reservation system with SSL for both Android-based and desktop systems. The proposed system is a new architecture of restaurant reservation system which have providing online services, addition of features in the current systems and development in smartphone operating system (Android). Its advantages are capable to handle concurrent access for many users, no technical experience to run the system, fast ordering service, and provide secure access for single sign on (SSO) through Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). By using this reservation system, the customers are able to escape from phone line congestion, dine on time and gain the experience to use the online services. 1.7 Report Organization This section shows the structure of this report. The table 1.1 has presented all the chapterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s titles and their description respectively. Chapter Title Description 1 Introduction Introduces the purposed system and explains the existing problem background as well as the outcome. 2 Literature Review Provides analysis of current system and briefly describes the technology used. 3 Methodology Presents the method of project implementation and the system requirementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s elements in term of software, hardware and user. 4 Requirement Analysis and Design Illustrates the system modules, user interface design and system flows. 5 Conclusion Concludes the whole report and give recommendation for future work. Table 1.1 Report Organizations 1.8 Summary This chapter has described the overview of the project as well as its problem background. It also has pointed out the aim, objectives and project scope of the project. Lastly, this chapter has figured out the importance of the project and those benefited from it.

Pocahontas Essay -- History Native Americans

Pocahontas Introduction [1] Disney’s Pocahontas has understandably received a lot of flak about the historically inaccurate story that is told about the legendary Pocahontas and Captain John Smith. There is a good reason for that. The movie does little that can be construed as historically accurate, yet Disney claims that was never their intent. Disney, in their previous movies, has been attacked for being racist and unsympathetic to racial minorities. Their answer was a movie whose sole purpose, as stated by Disney, was to promote racial tolerance. The question is, then can a movie promote racial tolerance when the issue is built on false history, history that if told accurately would depict the exact opposite? [2] First, I feel that it is important to establish exactly what Disney’s intentions were in making the film. Secondly, I intend to show that Disney provided enough historical information that it is questionable whether or not one can assume that they were trying to teach history, history that is specifically aimed at children. Lastly, I will show that the real story of Pocahontas was not about racial tolerance, that it was not about understanding one’s culture, but it was in fact about trying to change one’s culture. Disney’s Intention [3] From the movie’s start Disney has been preaching innocence about trying to accurately depict history. Disney, in their press kit, expressed that, â€Å"Pocahontas is a story that appealed to us because it was basically a story about people getting along together†¦ which is particularly applicable to lots of places in the world today† (Pocahontas 33). In addition, Thomas Schmucher, who is the senior vice president of Disney feature animation, says, â€Å"It is a... ... 11 June 1995: 46. Muldoon, Paul. â€Å"Barbie, but no Bimbo.† Times Literary Supplement 13 October 1995: 21. â€Å"Pocahontas: Press Kit.† Burbank: Walt Disney Pictures, 1995. Rasmussen, William, and Robert S. Tilton. Pocahontas: Her Life and Legend. Charlottesville: Virginia Historical Society, 1994. Rollins, Peter C., and John E. O’Connor, eds. Hollywood's Indian: The Portrayal of the Native American in Film. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1998. Rosenstone, Robert A. Visions of the Past: The Challenge of Film to Our Idea of History. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1995. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Disuniting of America. New York: Norton, 1992. Turan, Kenneth. â€Å"Disney Tries Again to Find the Magic; The Kids May Like it but the Adult Viewers May Feel that Pocahontas is More By-The-Numbers than Inspired.† Los Angeles Times 16 June 1995: 1.

The Dehumanization Process in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Do

The Dehumanization Process in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave Throughout American history, minority groups were victims of American governmental policies, and these policies made them vulnerable to barbaric and inhumane treatment at the hands of white Americans. American slavery is a telling example of a government sanctioned institution that victimized and oppressed a race of people by indoctrinating and encouraging enslavement, racism and abuse. This institution is injurious to slaves and slave holders alike because American society, especially in the south, underwent a dehumanization process in order to implement the harsh and inhumane doctrine. In the episodic autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, Frederick Douglass illustrates, through personal experience, the brutality and violence of slave life. As a young boy, Douglass is sent to Baltimore, an event that gives him temporary relief from the harsh conditions on the plantation. In Baltimore, he teaches himself to read and write and begins a jou rney to mental freedom that eventually paves the way to his successful escape to the North. Despite the hardships he endures, â€Å"most amazing is the indestructible total humanity of [Douglass] whom society called a thing, a chattel to be bought and sold† (Rexroth 134). Amazingly, Douglass realizes at a young age that the institution of slavery poisons people who might otherwise act in good and decent ways. His autobiography focuses primarily on the ill effects slavery has on slaves; however, he also acknowledges the damage that enforcing the laws of slavery has on slave holders. Through the use of imagery, Douglass masterfully illustrates the dehuman... ...oppression due to the lack of liberty, education, humanity, or justice. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Vol 1. 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin Company: New York, 2002. 1817-1880. Franklin, Bruce. â€Å"Animal Farm Unbound.† Frederick Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. 29-43. Houston PBS Online. Resource Book: People and Events Frederick Douglass 1818-1895. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html Rexroth, Kenneth. â€Å"Frederick Douglass.† The Elastic Retort: Essays in Literature and Ideas. The Continuum, 1973: 108-11. Rpt. in Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism. Eds. Laura Lanzen Harris and Sheila Fitzgerald. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale, 1984. 133-34.

Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation Essay

Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation I Recall the distinction between metaethics and normative ethics. Normative ethics deals with substantial ethical issues, such as, What is intrinsically good? What are our moral obligations? Metaethics deals with philosophical issues about ethics: What is value or moral obligation? Are there ethical facts? What sort of objectivity is possible in ethics? How can we have ethical knowledge? Recall, also, the fundamental dilemma of metaethics. Either there are ethical facts or there aren?t. If they are, what sort of facts are they? In what do they consist? If there are not, why do we think, talk, and feel as though there are? II Philosophical ethics is the integration of metaethics and normative ethics?the attempt to come to an integrated understanding of both. Given our current perspective, how can we view the philosophical ethics of Mill, Kant, Aristotle, Nietzsche, and the ethics of care? III For Mill, the question is what is the relation between his (metaethical) empirical naturalism and his (normative) qualitatively hedonist value theory and his utilitarian moral theory? One place we can see Mill?s empiricism is his treatment, in Chapter III, of the question of why the principle of utility is ?binding?, how it can generate a moral obligation. Compare Mill?s treatment of this question with Kant?s treatment of the question of why the CI is binding in Chapter III of the Groundwork. IV What is Kant?s metaethics? Since he holds that morality is both necessary and a priori, Kant must be some kind of rationalist. But, unlike Plato, he is not the kind of rationalist who holds that there are metaphysically... ...ception might underlie the ethics of care? Think about how we experience our relationships to others. Don?t we experience particular others as making claims on us? Personal relationships are probably the best examples, but aren't relationships with strangers quite similar. Think, for example, of fundamental forms of human exchange like gift-giving, promise, and contract. Indeed, the original root meaning of ?obligation? refers to bond created between individuals by such exchanges. As in, ?much obliged.? VIII Of course, we have only been able to pursue some of the many different ways in which philosophers have tried to think through the ethical and philosophical questions about value and obligation that any thoughtful human being faces. In the end, it is up to each of us to decide what answers to these questions we find most convincing.

City Life is Better Than Village Life Essay

In Certain cases, never cross your mind that City life is better than village life. However, there are so many advantages and disadvantages in city life and village life, also there is a big differ in the lifestyle with a little similarities. Reality, city life is more comfortable and civilization. As will as there are a lot of chances to developing the live. firstly, in City life there is a good opportunity for a young people make theme start them life with a high salary because the big companies located in the cities, in addition, a good education for children because there are better school than in the village, also, a convenient homes, large shop complexions, banks, offices, hotels, and hospitals. see more:country living vs city living Furthermore, a lot of things that cannot may in the village. On the contrary, there are people who prefer to live in the village because they love the village life with its healthy clean air and fresh products and they cannot live in cities, but almost they are usually the elderly. Although living in the city has many advantages there are some disadvantages too, the cost of the living is very high in the city, the city is always noisy, no fresh air and pure water. So it is hard to lead a healthy life. On other hand the village the undeveloped area for example, we cannot easily get many facilities the insufficient medical and education facilities, few opportunities to make money, little entertainment, no or little public transportation, also less facilities than a big city offers. Over all there are some similarities between both locations with big differences. But for each lives there is lovers who cannot switches lives to the other city, at the end, I see that Living in a village near the city is the best way to combine the benefits of this two lives. [continues] Read full essay Cite This Essay APA (2011, 06). City Life and Village Life. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 06, 2011, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/City-Life-And-Village-Life-717448.html MLA CHICAGO Welcome StudyMode.com is the web’s  leading learning tool. We inspire millions of students  every day with over 1,200,000  model essays and papers, AP notes  and book notes. Learn More  Related essays  Village Life Vs City Life  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦part of people that there is a big difference between village life and city†¦ 2 pagesMay 2011  City Life Vs. Village Life  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦might long to live in the city and those in the city may long for the peace†¦ 2 pagesAugust 2011  City Life And Village Life  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦there are so many advantages and disadvantages in city life and village†¦ 2 pagesSeptember 2011  Assignment About Campier And Contrasts Between Village Life And City Life. †¦offer these professions to the people. There are many reasons why a city life†¦

Lab Report Info

Lab Report Procedure 6. 1: Perform Benedict’s test for reducing sugars. Introduction: Benedict’s tests allows for the detection of the presence of reducing sugars. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars since all of them have active carbonyl group. Some disaccharides that are exposed to a carbonyl group are also reducing sugars but less reactive than monosaccharides. By mixing the sugar solution with Benedict’s solution and heating them, a redox reaction will occur.The copper (II) sulphate present in Benedict’s solution reacts with electrons from aldehyde or ketose group of reducing sugars to form cuprous oxide, a red brown precipitate. Materials: The materials used in order to detect starches was: test tubes, distilled water, Benedict’s solution, starch were used. Negative Control: H20 Positive Control: Starch Obtain nine test tubes and number them 1-9 Add to each tube the materials to be tested. Add 2ml of Benedict’s solution to each tube. Place all the tubes in boiling water- bath for 3 minutes and observe color changes during this time. After 3 minutes , remove the tubes from the water- bath and give the tubes ample time to cool to room temperature. Record the color of their contents. Procedure 6. 2: Perform the iodine test for starch Tube Solution Benedict’s Color Reaction Iodine Color Reaction 1 10 drops onion juice No change Blue->Black w/white No change 2 10 drops potato juice Precipitation Yellow-> blue 3 10 drops sucrose solutionNo change No change 5 10 drops distilled water No change No change 6 10 drops reducing sugar solution Blue No change 7 10 drops starch solution No change Yellow-> Blue 8 Unknown Blue-> Red Brown 9 Unknown 2 Blue Brown 4 10 drops glucose solution Blue-> Brown No change Tube Solution Color 1 2 ml egg albumen Green/yellow 2 2 ml honey No change 3 2ml amino acid solution Purple 4 2ml distilled water No change 5 2ml protein solution Purple 6 Unknown Colorless 7 Unknown 2 Colorless

Pick a Quote from the Book To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

During the depression in Alabama, many people, no matter what race, were encountering hard times. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Haper Lee, Scout learns life lessons through experiences throughout her childhood. In her community and her household, Scout watches and interacts with all kinds of people. In the book, Scout learns something new about the people of Maycomb in each chapter and realizes that people are more than what they perceive to be by interacting with three main characters in the novel, Atticus, Mr. Cunningham, and Boo Radley. In the beginning of the book, Scout’s interpretation of these characters changed throughout the story. At the beginning of the book, Scout’s dad, Atticus, was not like the fun hunting loving father that the other kids had. Atticus was a fifty year old lawyer that didn’t have time or energy to even play football with Scout brother, Jem. Scout felt like she had nothing to brag or be proud of her father about that is shown in this quote, because his daily life was either in the office or into a book. â€Å"If your father was thirty you’d find life quite different† â€Å"It sure would. Atticus can’t do anything†¦. † (Lee 120) Later on in the story, Scout and Jem see a stray crazy dog. Atticus is asked to shoot it. Scout not knowing that her dad was the best shooter in Maycomb had doubts of letting her dad shoot the dog. Atticus shot the dog on the first bullet. â€Å"When we went home I told Jem we’d really have something to talk about at school on Monday. † (Lee 130) Scout’s first impression of her dad in the beginning of the story changed when she found that she could be proud of her father for being the best shooter in Maycomb. Another main character in the novel was Mr. Cunningham who was a farmer and one of Atticus clients. Atticus was also representing Tom Robinson, who was a black man being prosecuted for rape by Bob Ewell. Bob Ewell had gathered a bunch of men to go down to the jail house to kill Tom Robinson. Scout, who was hiding and watching everything from afar, could not recognize any of the men. Later on when she ran through the men to Atticus she then recognized one man, and that was Mr. Cunningham. At the beginning of the novel, Atticus told Scout that Mr. Cunningham was a good honest hard working man that did not take anything from anyone unlike Mr. Ewell. After she realized what was taking place at the jail house and what the men were there to do, she had doubts about Mr. Cunningham being the good man that her father had told her about at the beginning of the novel. Lastly, Boo Radley probably impacted Scout the most in what she learned. At the beginning of the novel, Scout, Jem, and Dill all were curious of the monster that lived at the Radley’s house. He was always kept away and never came out. All kinds of stories about Boo Radley had been told as Scout grew up, made by different people in her community. Scout was so scared of Boo that she would run past his house every time she would pass it. The town would not even eat the fruit off the trees by their house because they believed Boo had poisoned them. It was obvious that Boo Radley had a bad rep in the town. Later on in the story, Scout and Jim find out someone is leaving them things in a tree hole. They start to believe it is Boo, who was leaving it for them, but they are still not convinced that Boo is safe. Later on while Miss Maudie’s house was burning and Scout was watching it from afar, someone had put a blanket on her. They come to the conclusion it was Boo Radley and are confused why he would do so. When Boo Radley had saved them from Mr. Ewell in the last few chapters of the book, it had become clear that Boo was not bad at all but afraid of the outside world beyond his house. Scout’s original perception of Boo Radley was all wrong because of the people she interacted with day to day. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Haper Lee, Scout learns life lessons through experiences throughout her childhood. Three main characters in this book impacted her life the most. Atticus, Mr. Cunningham, and Boo Radley showed Scout to not judge a book by its cover. Not everyone is who they first perceive to be. Like Atticus said â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view — until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. † (Lee 30) Atticus was right, Scout did not really know any of these people until she put herself in their place and saw who they really were.

A Report on Youth Unemployability in India Essay

Students have weak foundations because of which they are not picking up new skills. Picking up new skills can develop only when the people lose faith on conventional wisdom. This sentence may appear arbitrary in the beginning but there is a catch. The new skills can never be picked up unless we promise to unlearn old one. By unemployable, we refer to individuals who have to be trained by the industry in basic skills which they should have acquired through college and university education,† said by Manish Sabharwal, Chairman, TeamLease Services. Our institutions are misaligned with demand. We need a modular framework of courses covering a mix of knowledge, skill and work-attitude modules that fit people to high volume vocations and incentivise ‘edupreneurs,'† avers Visty Banaji, Executive Director, Godrej Industries. While problems of unemployment are not new, the rise in number of people who are unable to meet the industry’s needs due to the failure of institutions to impart career-oriented knowledge and skills-set is a pressing problem, as it can hamper India’s double digit growth. The skill deficit hurts more than the infrastructure deficit because it sabotages equality of opportunity and amplifies inequality while poor infrastructure maintains inequality (it hits rich and poor equally),† A recent survey throws light on the problem, problems with the educated youth. They are mainly lacking three types of skills. 1. Communication skill 2. Analytical skill and problem solving 3. Domain. While in interview approximately 60% candidates are screened due to lack of communication skills. Rest 25% is screened for analytical skills and 5% for their lack of knowledge in their respective domain. Hence 90% of educated youth are lacking in one of these three main skills required for job and employment. Only 10% of educated force of India is employable. Several companies have introduced strategies entwined with the college syllabus to equip students with the latest demands of the industry and thereby customize education accordingly. Information Technology major Infosys has the campus Connect initiative with engineering institutions in Mysore, Bangalore, Pune and other cities, through which workshops and seminars are held for students to provide them with industry-specific exposure. Likewise, ICICI Bank is working in upgrading curriculum in areas like wealth management and credit relationship sales with institutes like MDI, NMIMS and so on. As a natural growth pattern, this strong base then needs to be given adequate options towards vocational training. The critical pillar in the strategy to tackle the employability challenge is thus the school education system. The next is vocational training.

The Role of Utmost Good Faith in Insurance Law Case Study

The Role of Utmost Good Faith in Insurance Law - Case Study Example This difference in approaches to contracts in the US and the UK will illustrate how the UK will uphold claims even if questionable on the strict guidelines of the contract and material fact; whereas the US relies more on the concept of good faith and how this applies to the material fact. The basis of Hansen Bancorp Inc et al v US is that the Court of Federal Claims had erred in its judgment and the breach of contract by the US government was total therefore the appellants of the Hanson Company were entitled to restitution on all counts. This decision stems from the question whether there has been a total breach of contract if there has been a total breach of contract restitution is available. The court decided there was a total breach because the US government had come to a contract and Hanson had committed its resources to fulfill its duties; however, the US government had failed to complete its obligations, therefore, fulfilling the criteria of a total breach of contractual obliga tion. This decision is primarily an exercise in the power of the contract and its adherence, which cannot be avoided even if the breaching party is the government. The case of Hansen Bancorp heavily relies on the adherence of the contract and contract law; whereby once the parties started to act on the contract then it is only fair that the other party follows through with their contractual obligations. This case does not fudge along the lines of what may not constitute the total breach of the contract.... judgement and the breach of contract by the US government was total therefore the appellants of the Hanson Company were entitled to restitution on all counts. This decision stems around the question whether there has been a total breach of contract, if there has been a total breach of contract restitution is available; however without total breach this remedy is not available. The court decided there was a total breach because the US government had come to a contract and Hanson had committed its resources by fulfilling its duties; however the US government had failed to complete its obligations therefore fulfilling the criteria of a total breach of contractual obligation. This decision is primarily an exercise in the power of the contract and its adherence, which cannot be avoided even if the breaching party is the government. The case of Hansen Bancorp heavily relies on the adherence of the contract and contract law; whereby once the parties started to act on the contract then it is only fair that the other party follows through with their contractual obligations. This case does not fudge along the lines of what may not constitute total breach of the contract. Rather the courts take a very logical and straightforward approach considering each part of the dealing to ensure that a total breach has occurred. The court identifies that a breach is an act or failure to act that impedes the fulfillment of the contract by one of the parties, where the other party has fulfilled their obligations or all the obligations they are able to prior to action by the other party. This approach ensures that the original contract is the most important factor in determining a breach and if the actions of a party are obviously impeding the contract then there is a breach of contract, i.e.

Critical respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical respond - Essay Example The approach that the author takes is one that is based on providing information about the different dynasties that were relevant to Japan, beginning from 221 BC. The main concepts that are presented at the beginning show the main territories as well as the specialist areas in which most worked with the Japanese dynasty. The relevant facts include everything from the agricultural concepts that were approached during this time as well as the way in which the embassies divided the different borders and regions for rule. More importantly, there is a direct introduction that shows how the emperor’s of each region incorporated new lands and began to conquer various territories to provide more resources and wealth to each nation. The basic information includes the settlements that took place from the different rulers as well as different areas which were conquered throughout the dynasty era. The author not only incorporates the basic aspects of the reading from the political and agricultural viewpoints, but also begins to show how the trends of Japan changed because of the religious beliefs. For instance, some of the mountain regions of Japan were considered sacred. This led to underdevelopment of the areas, as well as specific approaches to ensure that the sacred concepts were kept throughout the region. This begins with an understanding of how the ancient culture developed with the main philosophies, such as the concept of words, symbols and images and how these reflected the spiritual nature of those that were within the region. The author then moves into how this evolved into Zen Buddhism and the developments that make Japan more current in the religious beliefs, specifically because of the developments that occurred in ancient times. The author links the beliefs as the core part of the country, which allowed other parts of power

Economic Comparison between Brazil and Argentina (Economic Development Term Paper

Economic Comparison between Brazil and Argentina (Economic Development And Growth) - Term Paper Example Introduction Population and economic size Brazil became independent on September 7, 1822. It covers 8,511,965 sq. km with a population size of 203.4 million1. Its population growth rate is 1.02 percent per annum. Brazil is the leading economic powerhouse and regional leader in South America. It is the eight world largest economy in the world. However, the country is bedeviled by high unequal income distribution and crime. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development strategy. The country has a well developed service, manufacturing, agriculture and mining sectors. The Brazilian economy experienced solid economic performance even in the face of global financial crisis. The economy recovered early as compared to other countries. It was during Lula’s reign when the country experienced high economic growth and improved social programs that improved lives of millions of Brazilian citizens. Domestic consumption is the key driver of the country’ s economic growth. However, the country experiences rising unemployment rates. Sound fiscal management, inflation control and floating exchange rate provided strong impetus for Brazilian economy to grow and develop over the years. The currency of Brazil is Brazilian reais. On the other hand, Argentina became independent on July 9, 1816. Its area coverage is 2.8 million sq. km with a population of 41,769, 7262. Its population growth rate is 1.017 percent annually. Argentina’s economy has experienced both good and bad times3. The country has suffered hyperinflation, currency depreciation, domestic debt default worth $85 billion, World Bank’s loan default and frozen banking system among others. This is because of poor governance by government officials. Between 1975 and 1990, Argentina paid interest on foreign debt. Furthermore, during the same period, the country experienced capital flights and tax evasion. In 2002, unemployment was 25 percent. The government also starte d repaying defaulted bonds worth $100 billion in an attempt to end shame from 2003. The Argentina’s economy grew at the rate of 9 percent annually from 2003 to 2007 following expansionary policies adopted by the government. The growth was negatively affected by global credit crunch between 2007 and 2009, which reduced growth rate to 0.8 percent. However, the economy rebounded and 8.5 percent growth in GDP was experienced in 2010. The Argentine currency is Argentina pesos. In fact, Brazilian geographical area, population, and economy is larger than that of Argentina. Argentina’s economy is less stable and volatile as compared to that of Brazil due to many past economic hardships. In 2008-2010 global financial turmoil, Argentina experienced diminished domestic growth as well as reduced domestic and global demand, which caused a mild recession in 2009. In 2008, many more people in Argentina are poorer than those in Brazil. In 2008, the population below poverty line in Bra zil was 26 percent while there are 30 percent in Argentina. Section one outlines each country’s natural resource deposits; section two indicates Gross Domestic Product; section three indicates unemployment rates; section four shows the budget; section five shows the inflation and section six shows foreign direct investment. In addition, section seven indicates international trade; section eight outlines exchange rate regime; section

Read an article and respond to a prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Read an article and respond to a prompt - Essay Example These imaginary situations may not meet up with the real world stories every time. Still the use of these fantasy stories is good to teach the student about the real life problems. In other words, we can say that always a happy ending does not make a real sense but the hardships and the strengths of the fictional characters is the true symbol for the children to be idealized in their lives. The use of fairy tales may give a sense to the child that how he can face the problems coming in the life. There are some stories who give some moral lessons to the children. This moral and ethical personality development is very much necessary for the children because their behavior is shaped accordingly. The way of teaching the moral lesson should be impressive so that a child may not get bored or feel uninterested. Usually these fairy tales always make the main characters of the story a very positive, ethical and strong individual who can face any challenge coming in his/her life honestly. There are some stories which includes a step father or a step mother because of the parents death or some other stories in which the parents become old and want to hand over all the property to the most competent child. All of these story themes actually motivate the children to work harder in their lives in order to get success in their lives. The child may learn how the prince of the story achieves the success in the desired task and thus become the King of the state in place of his father. Child may also learn that he can get success in his life if he also work devotedly to achieve the goal of his life. These goals can be small or long term depending upon the situations. Here the important thing is the learning of the child to achieve the goal by hard work and devotion. Another aspect of these fairy tales is that they always end up with the imagination ‘and they lived happily ever after’. The

THE COLLAPSE OF THE HALIFAX BANK OF SCOTLAND, AND THE SUBSEQUENT Essay

THE COLLAPSE OF THE HALIFAX BANK OF SCOTLAND, AND THE SUBSEQUENT RESPONSE OF THE UK AUTHORITIES - Essay Example HBOS formation took place in the year 2001 as a causal resulting from the merger of both Halifax and the Bank of Scotland. The former’s position towards mortgages and the latter’s bravery in corporate lending that was to create a balanced Big Five Bank. In the year 2001, it had a total assets summing to 275 billion pounds, much bigger than that of its ultimate rescuer Lloyds and approximately three-quarters as big as Barclays and the Royal Bank of Scotland (O’sullivan & Kinsella 2013, p. 9). This report will highlight the four areas in which this new banking force sowed its destruction seeds. These four areas include aggressive expansion; deluded management; failure of internal controls; and reluctance to heed to the warnings of the FSA, and even allowing the shortcomings of the regulator. The key to the growth of HBOS, as per the findings of the commission, was in accepting of more risks across all the division of the group. The strategy was to ensure a new cultures in the higher echelon of the banking system. This culture was brash and underpinned by the belief that the growing market shares were as a result of a special skills category possessed by the HBOS and lacking to the competitors. The culture effects became even more corrosive when joined with the absence of corporate self–knowledge within the organization top as time elapsed. Tellingly, in October 2007, as the alarm bells rung in banks all over the world, Cumming, the head of HBOS debt-fuelled corporate wing, remarked that people appeared to lose their nerves. They were panicking even to the days testing property environment (Veron 2010, p. 113). Cumming’s corporate division ended up with an impairment of 25 billion pounds, an equivalent to the 20pc of its loan book in 2008, and away out of balance with rival banks. But while the corporate book holes hastened, the rescue by the taxpayers and

Behavioural Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Behavioural Program - Essay Example Operant conditioning is founded on the premise that behavior can either be reinforced or eliminated by introducing or removing a certain commodity or thing that the subject is used to. Operant conditioning among children is usually done by eliminating the thing that they love the most such as attention. Many people have asserted that this is an authoritarian approach to raising children. However, what most of them do not realize is that the method actually works. Operant conditioning has caused behavioral transformations among various cases and the same can occur to Claire. (Dennis & Pennce, 2008) This behavioral program will be created by manipulation of Claire’s consequences so as to attain the desired result; in this case it will be to deal with Claire’s tantrum issues and her behavior which is verbally and socially inappropriate. The method will combine the efforts of Claires parents and external behavioral experts such as a child psychotherapist. The reason for choosing an external party is that Claire will have time away from her parents where she can learn appropriate behavior without interruptions from her parents. The program is a combination of extinction and mild punishment where extinction refers to the complete elimination of temper tantrums; an issuer that is very possible as asserted by some behavioral experts. Claire will be taken into a room where she will stay there for a certain amounts of weeks. Consequently, this program will involve some kind of social contact that may eventually lead to positive reinforcements at the beginning of the session. However, with the continual application of the program, social contacts will be reduced to a bear minimum where Claire will not get a chance to interact with other persons after she begins exhibiting undesirable behavior. The program will also allow differential reinforcement in that when Claire