Leonardo da Vinci’s †The Last Supper Essay

The Last Supper is a unique painting. One of the reasons it is so different is that the canvas it is painted on is much wider than it is tall. By looking at the painting you can see that da Vinci is painting a gathering of people with the one in the middle of the table receiving most of the attention. The painting is most likely done on a canvas with simple oil paints. One feature a viewer might notice is Leonardo’s use of rectangles. Whether this is intentional or serves any purpose is unclear, but other than the humans in the scene everything is a rectangular shape. The work is organized with all of the focus of the viewer falling on the meal, or even more specifically on the man in the middle. da Vinci draws us to this man because he has placed three windows as a source of light in the background. The windows are directly behind him, drawing our attention to the contrast between the two. The viewer may also notice that all of the characters around the focal point lean slightly in one direction or another, while the character we are intended to focus on remains erect. The artist is conveying the message that something has shocked the men around this, one. One can assume that it may be surprising news or something to that extent. However, since this is a well-known painting there are not many that don’t know what it is actually about. The painting of â€Å"The Last Supper† is Leonardo da Vinci’s portrayal of Jesus’ last meal with his disciples. That night Jesus would tell the disciples that later one of them would betray him. Jesus’ honesty and forwardness shocked the disciples, and in turn they all began to question themselves. In da Vinci’s masterpiece one can see that perhaps Jesus has just delivered this message and that the disciples are taken aback by his accusation. In my opinion this painting lives up to its hype. The artistry is pure genius. Leonardo da Vinci makes the viewer see exactly what he wants them to see. The focus is all on Jesus, but if you take the time to look at each disciple you can almost feel what they are feeling. The crowd at the table appears much like a lunchroom rumor fluttering about a high school  cafeteria. The way Jesus lays his hands on the table is symbolic. His palms turned upwards toward the heavens with his arms fully extended, yet dropped heavily onto the table. Jesus is offering himself up, da Vinci captures the moment perfectly.

Consider Two Contrasting Characters In The Play Essay

Consider two contrasting characters in the play. How does the playwright convey their personalities and their attitudes to the situation in which they find themselves? The playwright of ‘The Long, the Short and the Tall’ is Willis Hall and he wrote it in 1959. The play is set in the Malaysian jungle in 1942 during the Second World War. It is about a British scout patrol, which is caught in the unexpected Japanese advance down the Malaysian peninsula. It deals with men from all over Britain, from different backgrounds and cultures, and their relationships with each other. The main issue though, is whether the men are able to kill another human being. It shows their reactions in tense and almost unreal situations. World War Two lasted from 1939 to 1945. It was fought in two places; in Europe against Germany and in the Pacific against Japan. Britain and the USA started fighting against Japan because Japan bombed Pearl Harbour in December 1941, which had docked a whole fleet of American war ships. The British and the Americans didn’t expect the Japanese to attack, so they were not able to defend themselves. From here Japan continued to expand into other countries. They quickly conquered South-East Asia. The next thing the Japanese did was to invade Singapore in Malaysia. Again the British were completely unprepared for the attack. All Singapore’s defences were facing into the sea, never expecting or believing that anybody would come down the peninsula, through the jungle, but this is exactly what the Japanese did. Because no one in Singapore believed that they would be attacked from the land side, all the defences were on the ocean side, to protect against a marine attack. The Japanese were so successful because they had had better training in jungle warfare. They wore light clothing, had light ammunition and made use of bicycles for transport. This meant that they could travel great distances in a relatively short time. There wasn’t much hope for the British soldiers, who had little or no training in jungle warfare, they had heavy clothing and ammunition and no suitable transport. Morale in the British army was very low. Most of the soldiers were conscripts who were very cynical about the ability of the generals of the army to direct the army in the right away and also because of the lack of proper training and equipment. This can be seen in the play in the way the characters talk of the radio not working. ‘Damn duff equipment’ is how Johnstone describes the radio. To the British conscripts the Japanese army seemed invincible, with their incredibly patriotic soldiers who were prepared to die rather than surrender. The Japanese believed in the motto ‘Death before dishonour’. They seemed a completely fearless army because of this, which didn’t do the morale of the British soldiers much good. The two contrasting characters I have chosen to look at are Bamforth and Johnstone. I have chosen Bamforth because his character changes a great deal throughout the play and his point of view moves to a different angle and I have chosen Johnstone because his character is one of the few ones, which doesn’t change much throughout the play. Private C. Bamforth is a conscript into the British army and has been posted over to the Far East to help fight the Japanese. He is from London and is in the lowest possible rank in the army. His position is completely different from Johnstone’s. His full title is Corporal E. Johnstone. He is two above Bamforth in ranks and is part of the regular army and is not conscripted. This means that is attitude to the army is different. His attitude is much less cynical and he respects authority more, in terms of Mitchem. He is cynical in one part of the play where he becomes exasperated when the radio won’t work. ‘Damn duff equipment. The whole damn issue’s duff.’ But overall he is much less cynical of the British army’s capabilities. On the other side Bamforth is very cynical of the British army in the way he speaks of it. He apparently quotes one of the Generals, ‘Bammo, my old son, the British army’s in a desperate situation. The yellow peril’s about to descend on us’ Here he is joking about the state of the British army, but he obviously believes it, otherwise he wouldn’t be saying it and it wouldn’t be funny. Also he makes clear that he isn’t prepared to be a hero, ‘I wasn’t meant to be a hero’ he states it clearly and decisively, which shows that he has no doubts about it. Bamforth enjoys making fun of others especially people who can’t defend themselves very well like Whitaker and people who are of a certain area such as Wales or Scotland. He tends to generalise about people of a certain area and call them derogatory names. ‘You Scotch haggis!’, ‘you Cardiff creep’, You’re an ignorant Welsh Taff!’ He is a really unpleasant character in the beginning and obviously resents authrority; ‘Nit’ is what he says under his breath at Johnstone. Johnstone is also unpleasant in the way he threatens Bamforth, but as the person watching the play, with no knowledge of how Bamforth’s character will change, I found that I sympathised with Johnstone and felt glad that he was giving Bamforth what he deserved. Their initial reaction was also very similar, as it was Johnstone who grabbed the prisoner and ordered one of the other men to kill him with their bayonet and Bamforth was the only other soldier who felt able to kill him. He regarded the Japanese soldier as only as important as an animal. ‘It’s only the same as carving up a pig’. The prisoner was very low in his opinion Johnstone has very little contact with the prisoner; he only has direct contact with the prisoner when he has the argument with Bamforth over whether the prisoner should be allowed any cigarettes. He obviously has strong opinions on what should happen to the prisoner; he thinks it is a bad decision of Mitchem’s to take the prisoner back as it is too risky. He tries to argue with Mitchem that they should kill the prisoner right then, before it all got out of hand. ‘Get rid of him. Right now’ Strangely enough, it is Bamforth who befriends the prisoner and talks to him and joke with him. He even begins to regard the prisoner as almost human. ‘He’s almost human this one is!’. His opinion of the prisoner has risen from that of animal to almost human. This is because the prisoner showed him his photos of his family. He indicates that he also has a baby, this is probably why Bamforth begins to regard him with more respect. Next Bamforth offers the prisoner a cigarette, but Johnstone knocks the prisoner’s from his mouth. At once Bamforth demands an explanation from Johnstone. Here he is clearly defending the prisoner’s rights, but also I think that he argues with Johnstone just because he did something that infringed his rights. Later on when the argument about the prisoner’s cigarette case begins, the playwright cleverly makes Bamforth leave so that the argument can progress without anyone coming to the prisoner’s defence. When Bamforth returns the argument reaches a climax; he immediately comes to the prisoner’s defence. He defends him verbally and helps the prisoner. He tells the others that he gave the prisoner the cigarettes. This may not have been true and I don’t think that Johnstone really believed him. He is the one who asks to look at the case before it is returned to the prisoner and he starts another argument about the case. This time Bamforth does not claim to have given it to him, but turns the story back on Johnstone by making Whitaker tell the others how he has a locker full of Japanese souvenirs. He defends the prisoner all the way. This is sign that he has become really attached to the prisoner. By the end when they have to decide whether to kill the prisoner or not, Bamforth has become very attached to the prisoner. He physically stands in-between the prisoner and Johnstone, as can be seen from the stage directions. This is a clear piece of proof that he is now prepared physically protect the prisoner not just argue for him. ‘It’s him and me’. This shows that he is saying that if they want to kill the prisoner, they will have to kill him too. Also he now expresses freely that he regard the prisoner highly. ‘He’s a man’, showing that the prisoner has earned a lot of Bamforth’s respect. Johnstone on the other hand is the one who is trying to kill the prisoner. Johnstone still thinks they should kill the prisoner and his opinion of him has not risen either, ‘It’s a bloody nip’ From this we can see that he regards him as really low because he says it instead of he and uses the derogatory term of ‘bloody ni p’. He orders Bamforth out of the way, but he will not move and appeals to each of the men in turn to help him. But each one turns him down, he appeals to Macleish last of all, probably hoping that at least he was going to help him because his brother could be a POW too. But even he does not help Bamforth. He is obviously desperate because he turns to sheer pettiness when each of the men turn him down. ‘I hope they carve your brother up. Get that? I hope they carve your bloody brother up!’ In the end the decision is made for them as Whitaker shoots the prisoner as he rises, during the fight between Bamforth and Johnstone. The play offers no obvious answers to who was right or what they should have done. It was quite ironic how it is Johnstone left alive at the end who surrenders because it is was he who was prepared to kill their POW, having said this he did not have much choice in the matter. Personally I really don’t know what they should have done because it was such a hard decision, but if I had to make a decision I would probably have tried to take the prisoner back to camp rather than hanging around arguing about it. If they had done that they might have had a chance of getting back alive, but as it was they had no hope. With the benefit of hindsight, I can see that Johnstone was right, when he said that they should kill the prisoner in the beginning, when none of them were attached to the prisoner and there would have been no problem. However I don’t think I would be able to kill someone in that situation – even if I was ordered to.

Assertive Community Treatment At Medical Center Essay - 1

Assertive Community Treatment At Medical Center - Essay Example According to the directive, the primary identified roles of MHICM teams include: initiative numerous efforts to reduce symptoms associated with psychiatric problems, ensuring there is increase in global assessment of functioning scores, be able to raise the level of patients’ abilities to complete their daily activities, and also be able to increase the quality of life for the clients, together with treatment needs that results into satisfaction (Rosen, Mueser and Teesson, 2007). The MHICM teams are further helped in accomplishing these tasks through the adoption of specified measure instruments such as the Dartmouth Assertive Community Treatment Scale (DACTS) (Bond and Saylers, 2004). When the teams have appropriated filled the DACTS results, they are required to send the instruments to the Northeast Program Evaluation (NEPEC) which eventually conducts the evaluation of the results (Bond and Saylers, 2004). In most cases, for the MHICM teams to be perceived or regarded succes sful, they should exhibit an overall fidelity of 4.0 +/- 0.3 score, which when compared to ACT constituter success of the program (Bond and Saylers, 2004). The ACT has led to the improvement of lives of people who initially demonstrate serious and persistent mental illness (Rosen, Mueser and Teesson, 2007). The model has advocated for the large-scale and holistic promotion of quality recovery and also empowerment of clients through diverse strategies of partnership, self-care, and determination and also an individual choice. At the same time, MHICM continue to play a critical role in ensuring holistic and qualitative care is provided for the diverse victims and that their lives improve in diverse dimensions. Nevertheless, even with these developments, it has been noted that there exists lack of or inadequate research work, which can be used by directors to have clear guidance on how well individual MHICM teams function and conducts its activities (Saylers et al., 2003).

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example This essay discusses that President Truman appointed General Marshal to administer the entire process and make sure the necessary steps are taken. In the wake of such build up, General Marshals were sent to Europe in early June 1947 to assess the actual ground situation and present report to Congress about the exact amount of funding needed.In the entire scheme of Marshal Plan an amount of 17 billion dollars was to be allocated to the different countries of Europe (Chandra, 27). This scheme lasted between 1947 to 1952. The overall analysis of the scheme reveals that this was one of the most effective and successful steps undertaken at that time and allowed for the containment of the Soviet Union. While the outer origin of the funding was economic and political assistance largely, the funding allowed to help these two countries getting enrolled into the league of the defense and security system that was introduced. The NATO entity that was established in 1949, Turkey and Greece both m ade into it in 1952 (Bà ¶là ¼kbasi, 799) and were enrolled as a result of the Truman Doctrine. This can be termed as the direct success of Truman Doctrine which paid dividends on the military front as well. Historians have termed it one of the first positive and successful moves placed by the United States of America in those days which not only enabled containment but also allowed for establishing United States of America’s influence in the region. This influence enabled U.S.A maintaining an edge over its arch-rival for the next four decades.

Robert F. Kennedy's Assassination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Robert F. Kennedy's Assassination - Essay Example In one of the speeches that Robert Kennedy in 1962, he was quoted, "The future is not a gift: it is an achievement. Every generation helps make its own future. This is the essential challenge of the present.†1 It is truly a tragedy for the American government to lose leaders with advocacies like the 2 Kennedy’s. Robert Francis Kennedy (RFK) was filled with not just emotion but passion towards leading and serving the country and its people. Yet, just like his older brother John, RFK was assassinated. The will within the person to live is so strong that RFK only died more than 24 hours after the assassination.2 RFK was said to be just like his older brother to have both the brains, the heart and the capabilities to assume the presidency. Bobby, as RFK is fondly called, failed to achieve the coveted post despite the credentials that he has under his belt. The odds are very much going his way and Bobby was just a few more steps towards becoming the next American president. A ll was shattered a couple of minutes past midnight on the 5th of June 1968. His life was ended during his presidential campaign at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, CA by a gun shot. A man with a very promising future was killed by an assassin identified as the Palestinian-American Sirhan Bishara Sirhan.3 Since it was the period for the presidential campaign, media was all over the place. ... All of the 3 assassinations were highly publicized. However, RFK’s assassination seemed to be more traumatic since it was the 2nd Kennedy assassination in less than half a decade. In the filed video coverage of RKF’s presidential campaign in 1968, the crowd’s jubilation was turned into panic and fear as the sound of the gunshot echoed in the atmosphere. According to Melanson et al: Cameras captured the frenzied struggle to subdue the attacker. They showed us the terrible vision of Robert Kennedy lying on the floor and bleeding profusely. To this day, many people believe that these same cameras captured the actual shooting (as the Zapruder film had done in President Kennedy’s assassination); some are insistent to the point of anger that it’s all in film†¦No photographic record of the actual shooting is known to exist.5 The picture of the blood-covered RFK lying on the floor is truly quite disturbing and heartbreaking. It is disturbing because of the graphical representation of a man respected and eyed to be the next president of a very powerful nation. One can think that the photo being published and circulated in media can be considered as an invasion of privacy. Even if the person involved in the picture is a public servant, such situation should be kept private as to reserve the dignity and respectability of the person. The picture of a dying man lying on the floor covered with his own blood can trigger so many emotions within a nation.6 Since the assailant was identified, the assassination case was considered closed. That is what the public was made to believe. People from different walks of life might agree or disagree with the previous

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Terrorism - Essay Example They therefore result to terrorism as a fight back mechanism and to destabilize the government. Some also want to loot the national resources and this cannot be done in a stable country. They therefore strike then when the chaos ensue they loot and defraud the government. Yungher identifies a number of goals that terrorists want to achieve with their activities. They include political motives. Since a certain group is not satisfied with the government that is ruling they result to terrorism to destabilize it. Economic reasons. This is evident mainly in the ocean where ships are taken and a ransom required to flee them. This has been one of the major ways of getting an income from the terrorists. Another goal is to intimidate a certain group of people. This is done in regions where they want to dominate. Religious terrorism is also common and religious intolerance has facilitated the rise in terrorist activities across the world. The major component is fear. A certain group feels insecure that they result to terrorism to feel secure. The other one is violence. After being attacked, certain people result to terrorism as the way of fighting back. Violence is a major component of terrorism and many terror attacks are depicted by the violence involved. Religion. Religion has played a key role in shaping terrorism. Religious intolerance has been seen as a major reason in boosting terror activities. Civilian targets. Many terrorists will attack the civilians as a way o passing their message. A good example is the September 2001 attack in the US. Terrorists use the social media to execute their terror activities. From my opinion, the social media is a good choice due to the large number of people that they are able to reach. The anonymity that is guaranteed by the social media is also needed. Propaganda has been used as a tool for long in various mischiefs and so many terrorists use it to intimidate their target. They therefore use it to claim

Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Holocaust - Essay Example Much of this was caused by the fact that stakeholders within early European society believed that people of Jewish decent still bore a direct level of responsibility for the crucifixion and death of Christ. Such a level of innate and cultural distrust and even hatred ultimately coalesced with the economic and political pressures that Germany faced after the First World War and gave rise to the Nazi Party; a harbinger to the holocaust. 2. For the most part the film appeared to be rather unbiased. However, it must be stated that no attempt was made to understand the situation from the perspective of the German citizen or the German soldier. Naturally, the film-maker probably glossed over this due to the fact that seeking to understand the issue from such a perspective was deemed as merely trying to understand evil; something that they did not want to waste valuable time on. Yet, even though this may be true, it would have provided a further level of credibility to the film if the film- maker(s) had allowed for an alternative approach and a view of the situation through the eyes of those who were responsible for carrying it out. Even if such a view might have been unpleasant, it was necessary in order to understand the dynamics for why such inhumanity can persist and why a broad based public outcry for it to stop was never realized or witnessed. Moreover, even though the film is useful in understanding the plight of the individual caught up in the horrors of the holocaust, too much of an emotional appeal also detracts from the merit of objectivity that could otherwise be represented. Naturally, it is not fair to disregard the horrors that the individual faced during the ethnic cleansing of Jews within Europe; however, too much of a focus upon the individual loses sight of the mechanisms, causation, and realities for why this was being carried out and what forces encouraged it. 3. How does this film contribute to our knowledge of the Nazi Holocaust? Ultimately, the film contributes to an understanding of the Holocaust in the sense that it allows the viewer to come to a more informed understanding of the way in which the Holocaust not only Germany’s Jews but Jewish populations throughout the remainder of occupied Europe. This is an important understanding to gain due to the fact that a misconception with regards to the overall scope of the Holocaust is one of the most common misconceptions that exists. Whereas it is true that the Germans were responsible for murdering unknown tens of thousands of Jews within Germany itself, the bulk of the Holocaust victims were derived not within Germany’s borders; rather, these were derived from areas of heavy Jewish concentration within Eastern Europe – specifically Poland and Ukraine (Cowen 167). In helping the viewer to come to a further understanding of the scope of the Holocaust and the personal ramifications that it had upon the lives, experience, and future of the individuals that were fortunate enough to survive it, the viewer is led to a more informed understanding with respect to the many different ways in which this particular occurrence impacted upon the future of not only Europe but the rest of the world. 4. Ultimately, Suedfeld posits a litany of different reasons for why the Holocaust actually took place. The first of these theories he

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Proposal - Essay Example But, these people will be able to fulfil this role if they have the requisite knowledge about the diet principles and the requirements of nutrients. The healthy diet includes solid as well as liquid food items. In order to compete with European and American teams the Saudi footballers will have to make good use of healthy food items. While carrying out a study for Business Insights, Siddika Jaffer (2008), find that the overall market for sports and energy drinks has seen immense growth in the European and US markets and this growth is expected to continue at a rate of about 5 percent till 2011. The study points out that the during the period 2001-06, the Spanish market for sports and energy drinks has witnessed the highest percentage of growth pegged at more than 13 percent. Nutrients help in sustaining the long term needs of training and short-term needs of competition (Hassapidou et al, 2003). It is believed that formal training with proper dietary intervention leads to a number of advantages in enhancing the performance of an athlete in aspects like physical performance, better protection against injuries, maintaining a stable stamina, and proper muscular growth. Therefore having updated information regarding the dietary principles suitable for sportspersons provides an edge to the coach. This study is an effort to analyse the knowledge level amongst the football players and the coaches in Saudi Arabia in general. Literature review not only helps in going through the findings and conclusions of earlier researchers, it also helps in shaping a direction for the present research activity as well, because the researcher tends to get fair idea about the areas requiring particular focus. In this case also we are bound to come across a number of research papers about the necessity and usage of rich energy diets for sportspersons in general. It will our endeavour to go through some

Unit 7 Application 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit 7 Application 1 - Essay Example Experience coupled with education is a preferred combination (Gully & Phillips, 2010). It would be advantageous for a company to hire a candidate with many years of experience and a solid education since they not only have the knowledge but also practicality in the application of concepts (Gully & Phillips, 2010). Moreover, there in a better position of handling complex duties or a crisis since they have prior encounter of such scenarios (Heneman & Mueller, 2012). An organization seeking to fill a position would opt for one who brings their experience in the company and thus become an asset. Although a candidate’s qualification and experience are vital, it is important to check on their performance (Gully & Phillips, 2010). If the candidate was working in another organization, then as an employer, one should review their performance in order to rate on whether they are able to deliver on this job given their work history. This is because one might have all other qualifications in check but fails to live up to the company’s expectations. Cognitive ability is another factor of importance (Harris & Brannick, 1999). A candidate should possess the ability to think on their feet as in certain circumstances, one is not afforded the time to consult on a particular issue as it would require a decision there and then. Since there no company that would want to make losses as a result of poor decisions made. Other factors that would come after conclusion of the aforementioned include integrity, background and drug test in that respective order. A candidate should have good ethics and not suffering a drug addiction. The three applicants that I would select from the above list are based on the criteria given above are Frank, Radhu and Raul. This is on the basis of their educational qualification, company experience and performance rating (Gully & Phillips, 2010). In the case of Raul,

Ethics study case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics study case - Essay Example The case illustrates two applicable facts into principle of beneficence; the employer’s act not to remove or cover the asbestos rich cables threatens harm on the employees’ lives while an act of whistle blowing threatens the organization’s corporate image and legal liability. Confidentiality is another applicable principle to the case and defines the obligation to maintain privacy of a person or institution’s sensitive information and whistle blowing puts the principle at stake. Lawfulness, another applicable ethical principle, defines the knowledge of laws and their implementation and applies to the organization that should be aware of and uphold health and safety laws and yet ignores the rules. The organization’s failure to remove or cover asbestos pipes is wrong because it contravenes principles of beneficence and lawfulness. The conflict is prioritization of the interest to safeguard the job, employees’ lives, and the organization and it affects the department’s employees at individual level, their families and the society at group level, and also the organization (Pfeiffer and Forsberg 15- 19). Options in resolving the problem from different ethical perspectives Utilitarianism defines ethics from an act’s consequence. ... re to asbestos, effects of the diseases on the employees such as death and incapacitation, and consequences on families and the society would however be more harmful than the company’s financial loss in lawsuits and from poor corporate image. This is because loss of lives or body parts is more significant than financial losses that the company may incur. This justifies ethics in whistle bowing. The scope of deontology ethics that is based on rules and obligations also justifies whistle blowing that is supported by established laws on health and safety at the work place. This is because the organization has decided to operate contrary to the rules that establish its duty to ensure a safe work environment. The general obligation to ensure safety of other members of the society also justifies whistle blowing in the case. Virtue ethics, with its basis on character such as respect of people’s lives and welfare and integrity also identifies whistle blowing as the solution tow ards protecting the employees’ lives by justifying an employee’s integrity and strong personality in raising the red flag (Brooks and Dunn 182- 188). My perceived solution My perceived solution to the case is to expose the condition to relevant agencies for appropriate measures. This would involve a formal communication to the organization’s management of intentions to seek external interventions towards protecting employees’ welfare. I would then write to both the State Department of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency to inform them of the asbestos exposure at the workplace and the organization’s position against removing or covering the asbestos cables. I would then submit a copy of each letter to the organization’s management before remittance to the agencies. The proposed

The Federalist Papers, James Madison Essay Example for Free

The Federalist Papers, James Madison Essay In the Federalist Papers, James Madison and others outline their logic both in favor of and against ratification of the Constitution.   One of the largest parts of these arguments was the discussion of separation of powers and functions.   James Madison outlined one problem inherent in having a multi-branched government—namely the idea of encroachment. He viewed this as a problem with several sources and proposed several solutions.   The Constitution redresses the problem of encroachment in several ways.   He also feels that in the views of today, we must evaluate if Madison was correct in perceiving encroachment as a problem.    We must also evaluate if Madison’s source was correct.   Madison also felt that the new Constitution did not violate a basic political maxim of having the political departments separate and distinct. First of all, we must define what Madison means by â€Å"encroachment.†Ã‚   In Federalist 47, Madison uses the British government’s constitution as a basis for his definition.   At its core, encroachment is where each branch of government encroaches upon the powers and duties of the other branches of government. Under the British system, he says, â€Å"the executive magistrate forms an integral part of the legislative authority.   He alone has the perogative of making treaties with foreign sovereigns, which, when made, have, under certain limitations, the force of legislative acts (Madison, 1788).†Ã‚   Additionally, â€Å"all the members of the judiciary department are appointed by him, can be removed by him on the address of the two Houses of Parliament, and form, when he pleases to consult them, one of his constitutional councils (Madison, 1788).† Also in Federalist 47, Madison identifies the sources of encroachment.   To whit, the sources of encroachment are the very states themselves.   He gives several examples, but points out that in each case, there is an â€Å"eye to the danger of improperly blending the different departments (Madison, 1788).†Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Complete distinction of the various branches, while an ideal goal to aspire to, was nearly impossible to gain simply because the nature of governance made each branch dependent upon each other. Madison viewed this as a problem because he felt that â€Å"the nature of a free government will admit; or as is consistent with that chain of connection that binds the whole fabric of the constitution in one dissoluble bond of unity and amity (Madison, 1788).†Ã‚   In other words, laws are made and executed by the same body, tyranny will almost certainly result.   Additionally, he felt that the governing bodies would misunderstand that pre-established limits and would not work within them, thus expanding their powers when making decisions and intentionally or not encroaching upon the different branches of government. Madison proposed several things that would help control encroachment.   One of the proposals was adopted at the Constitutional Convention.   That is, to have a lack of a hereditary monarch.   This would help usurp tyranny because placing limitations on the length and extent of the executive’s power and tenure would also control encroachment. Of all the departments, Madison was most fearful of the legislative.   Its far-reaching powers would lead most definitely to encroachment.   Additionally, he said that the assembly would seek to â€Å"indulge all their jealousy and exhaust all their precautions (Madison 1788).†Ã‚   In other words, the assembly would be more prone to encroachment because it had power over who would fill the positions in other departments—from cabinet positions to judgeships, the legislature encroaches on nearly every aspect of every department. The next solution Madison proposed was the appealing to the people through a convention.   This concept was brought forth in Federalist 49.   His idea was to call a convention whenever two of the three branches â€Å"shall concur in opinion, each by the voices of two-thirds of their whole number (Madison, 1788).† This convention would be a â€Å"convention †¦ necessary for altering the Constitution or correcting breaches of it (Madison, 1788).†   Madison thought this was the ultimate solution in correcting encroachments into each of the different departments.   He states quite forcefully in Federalist 50 that PERIODICAL appeals are the proper and adequate means of PREVENTING AND CORRECTING INFRACTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION (Madison, 1788).† Finally, Madison proposed giving each department a constitutional means to resist encroachment.   This would definitely end the encroachment problem as Madison saw it, because each department would be armed to deal with any encroachments.   He saw the largest chance of encroachment to come from the legislative branch and to keep it from becoming too powerful, he proposed dividing the legislature into branches with a different election schedule and different functions, and therefore they are as little connected as possible (Madison, 1788). The Constitution redresses the idea of encroachment very easily.   It simply divides the three branches of government and assigns certain powers to each.   For example, the legislative branch does exactly that, legislates, but in order to completely do its job, it requires the executive branch to sign the bills into laws and provide a budget.   The other check on legislative power is the judicial branch.   The judicial branch makes sure that the legislative branch does not overstep its authority by passing laws detrimental to the American people. We must evaluate in our twenty first century vision if Madison did indeed get this problem right.   Is encroachment as big a problem as Madison thought, or is it simply a necessary evil?   Is encroachment as it exists, and its sources as Madison saw them, correct?   Do his solutions work in a twenty first century context or do they simply stonewall an already slow and arduous process?   These are the questions that we need to answer in order to apply Madison’s ideas to our modern governance. Encroachment as Madison saw it is a problem, but a necessary evil.   Because of our delicate democracy, we must have some level of encroachment among the departments.   The whole concept of checks and balances revolves around the idea that each department must necessarily encroach upon the power of another to keep it from moving outside its constitutional powers.   The sources as Madison saw them were indeed correct.   The traditions created by the writers of the state constitutions created the problem of encroachment.   Since the problem was so entrenched, divorcing encroachment in the states from encroachment in the federal government is nearly impossible. Tradition is a very hard thing to get rid of, and Madison was right to see it, but wrong to try to eliminate it from the federal mà ©lange.   Madison’s solutions are somewhat beneficial, as some are already in place, but others would be too difficult to implement and would stonewall an already slow and arduous process.   The limitation of the extent and duration keeps the executive from becoming too powerful.   The legislature already limits encroachment due to its expansive lawmaking abilities and duties. How did Madison not feel the new Constitution not violate that political maxim of not blending the three branches of government?   The answer is that they did not blend.   Each department is separate and distinct, with its own set of duties and responsibilities, yet each is dependent on the others so each does not gain too much power. Madison also feels that there are â€Å"means and personal motives (1788)† that will help maintain the separation of powers as defined in the Constitution.   By this, Madison means that the people that run the department should have constitutional means at their disposal in order to be able to resist the encroachments of the other branches.   He feels that human nature is such that people would make a grab for power, and such means should be in place â€Å"to control the abuses of government (Madison, 1788).†Ã‚   Constitutional restrictions would keep such grabs from happening, and control the machinations of people intent on tyranny. The Jeffersonian strict separation of powers would not work in a flexible and dynamic government.   It would be a recipe for tyranny.   By having strict separation of powers, there would be no checks on the powers of each branch, and each branch would be allowed to become almost as powerful as it wanted. The legislative branch could push through legislation of its choosing with no regards for the power of the presidency and the judicial.   The judicial could kill any legislation it did not like and pass law from the bench, and the presidency could overrun the other two branches.   This would set up a situation of tyranny that would never be able to be rectified.   However, Madison (1788) tells us that â€Å"in republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates.†Ã‚   His solution was to divide the legislature into parts, thus emasculating it to keep it from overrunning the other two branches. Madison got the idea of encroachment right.   From his perspective, encroachment was a problem with easy solutions.   Even though it was entrenched in our society from colonial days, the establishment of the three branches of government along with assigned powers assured that there would be no encroachment of one branch onto another.   Some of his solutions were easy, while others were more difficult.   Madison would be proud of what has been accomplished and would be a welcomed visitor in our time.   He would be a sage advisor and would be able to give us insight into how our constitution was designed to work and would give us direction on where to go next.   We need to continue to look at his words for insight and input in order to make our Constitution a more living, breathing document. Works Cited Madison, James. Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention. The Federalist Papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No. 49, 01 Feb 1788   6 Mar 2009 http://wwwfounding fathers.info/federalistpapers. Madison, James. The Particular Structure of the New Government and The Distribution of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Power Among Its Different Parts. The Federalist Papers No. 47, 01 Feb 1788   6 Mar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009 http://wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers. Madison, James. Periodical Appeals to the People Considered. The Federalist Papers No. 50, 05 Feb 1788   6 Mar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009 http://wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers. Madison, James. The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Balances Between the Different Departments. The Federalist Papers No. 51 08, Feb   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1788   6 Mar 2009 http://wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers. Madison, James. These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Constitutional Control Over Each Other. The Federalist Papers No. 48, 05 Feb 1788   6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mar 2009 http://wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.

Values for Children Essay Example for Free

Values for Children Essay Values for children is a very broad and controversial topic. There are many, myself included, that believe that our values come from God. I do understand that the same values can be taught without the use of God’s name, but I feel they lose something. Teachers with good values make an impact on students at every level. I know my most influential teacher does. I hope to one day as good of a teacher as she was. The values that I believe each educator needs to give a child what they most deserve are love and flexibility If a teacher loves her students, she wants to make sure that they are getting everything that they need, such as meals, clothing, and cleanliness. Whether it is from their parents or finding the family the help that they need to provide for the child. Love also gives patience and respect to those students that don’t understand a concept. These are exemplified in the philosophy of St James Preschool Program: PHILOSOPHY At St. James Catholic Preschool we will provide a safe, loving atmosphere where children can develop physically, intellectually, emotionally, creatively, socially, and spiritually. We will provide opportunities to learn in many different developmentally appropriate ways. We are a Catholic Christian Preschool, and will provide opportunities to learn to appreciate all of God’s creations. We will learn about God through song, prayer, and day-to-day activities. We will strive to instill a positive self-image in each child, and will gently guide him/her in making good choices. We want your child’s first school experiences to be positive ones, and will always make this our number one priority. From the St. James Preschool Handbook Flexibility, or an ability to go with the flow, is an asset to any teacher, especially when working with young children. Planning your day around little ones is very hard to do. Everything takes longer than normal and if a child has made up their mind not to do something it will take twice as long. Being flexible gives a teacher the ability to see around the problem and make adjustments to the schedule or activities of the day to accommodate the  children’s needs. Mrs. Linda Goesche was my Kindergarten teacher. She was amazing. I was small and young for a kindergartner. She worked with me and my parents to try to get me ready to move on to First Grade, but I just wasn’t ready. She came to my house and met with my parents and I. She did her very best to explain to me why I couldn’t move on with my class. I was very upset by this as most children would be, but by the time I finished my second year of kindergarten I was over it and not struggling to keep up. Actually, I was very blessed, I didn’t struggle much during the rest of my school career. I believe that Mrs. Goesche’s love for me and all of her students made her an exemplary teacher. I love kids. I didn’t know how much until I started to volunteer at my daughter’s school. I want to make their day better, to teach them something new, and to watch the look of discovery on their faces when they get it. My biggest struggle will come with flexibility. I like to do things on a schedule and get them done so I can move on to the next thing. With children that isn’t an option. You have to move at their pace and do things on their level. I know that I have a lot to learn, but I can’t wait to get started.

Dealing With Challenging Behaviour Education Essay

Dealing With Challenging Behaviour Education Essay The Case of Boy A Boys A, along with his friends fight inside and outside of school, and are involved in binge drinking and other nuisance behaviour within the community. He migrates between his two separated parents. He is not given adequate boundaries or supervision. The mother has stated to the school and local community support officers that she is unable to control him. His form teacher believes that other agencies should be involved. Other teachers are threatening not to teach him. He is described as a disruptive child with behavioural problems that affect the rest of the class. His grades are below average and his attendance poor. The police are aware of him, although no charges have been brought. Residents have campaigned to have his family evicted due to his anti-social behaviour. 1.2 Introduction The local council has commissioned this report and its aim is to explore a range of strategies to better deal with challenging behaviour of the type exhibited by Boy A. Initially the report shall seek a definition of the term challenging behaviour. Then shall endeavour to meet its aims through an analysis of a range of existing efforts employed by various agencies, whilst discussing how they might be relevant to our case study, and by extension to challenging behaviour in the wider context. 1.3 Challenging Behaviour: A Definition Emerson (2001:3) has defined the term thus: Culturally abnormal behaviour of suchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that the physical safety of the person or others  is likely to be placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which  is likely to seriously limit use of, or result in the person  being denied access to, ordinary community facilities Whilst this would perhaps serve to define the behaviour of Boy A, it cannot help us explain its causes. This report shall explore the aspects of his life that may cause this behaviour, and the strategies that can challenge that behaviour. 2.1 Challenging Behaviour in a School Setting The 2005 Ofsted report, Managing Challenging Behaviour analysed anà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦account of behaviour in schools based on national evidence (Ofsted, 2005:3), the main type of which was the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦persistent, low level disruption of lessons thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ interrupts learning (Ofsted, 2005:4). Acts of verbal or physical abuse aimed at peers were found in the majority of schools, whilst abuse aimed at teachers was less common. Acts of extreme violence were very rare and mostly directed at fellow pupils. The average percentage of primary schools, where behaviour is rated as good or better stands at 85.3% for primary schools, but only 73.3% for secondary schools. A reason for this is given by Emerson, (2001:24) who states that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦prevalence of challenging behaviour appears to increase during childhood, reaching a peak during the age range 15-34. Exclusions from all schools dropped from 11,181 in 93/94, to 9,290 by 2002/03, showing perhaps that schools are dealing with challenging behaviour in more proactive ways. However, studies have shown that some schools operate a policy of backdoor exclusions, whereby a disruptive childs parents are offered the chance to transfer that child to another school, hence keeping the schools exclusion rate artificially low (Wright Weekes, 2000). Arguably, this policy is growing in popularity, warping the figures. Boys are more likely to be disruptive than girls all through education. Often disruptive pupils joined the school late in a school year and struggle to form relationships with pupils and staff. Many are in care or from troubled families. Significant numbers have irregular attendance causing disruption to learning and the development of relationships. A third of pupils with behavioural difficulties in secondary schools have special educational needs. 2.2 Effective Strategies That Challenge Behaviour The Ofsted report highlights strategies taken by schools to tackle challenging behaviour. Behavioural policies that set out expectations consistently and fairly are more effective at challenging behaviour. McNamara Moreton (2001) further this by advocating the use of pupil devised classroom charters. These are seen by the authors to be especially beneficial to pupils with behavioural difficulties such as Boy A, arguably because they have the effect of encouraging good behaviour through peer pressure. The reinforcement of good behaviour. Behaviourists suggest that teachers should à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦identify positive behaviourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦by the pupil and reward this behaviour (McNamara Moreton, 2001:31). This may be beneficial to pupils like Boy A, who can perhaps feel victimised by staff who constantly highlight their negative behaviour. Multi-agency approaches, involving educational welfare officers, social workers, psychologists and others if required (General Teaching Council for England, 2007) are essential. This can be achieved through Behaviour and Educational Support Teams (BESTs), where teams of professionals are given a mandate in a school to tackle challenging behaviour. A recent government report found that for schools participating with BESTs there was an increase in attendance and a decrease in fixed time exclusions (DfES, 2005). However according to the Ofsted (2005:21)report there appears to be a reluctance by schools and/or LEAs to use this multi-agency model, with only half of schools having a satisfactory relationship with key agencies such as social and health services. 3.1 Boy A: Effective Strategies Learning mentors work within schools to coordinate activities to support students with behaviourial problems (General Teaching Council For England 2007). This could arguably give Boy A the degree of supervision in his education missing from his disjointed home life, whilst improving his irregular attendance (absenteeism being within their remit). Family therapy sessions and parenting courses can equip parents with skills for improving the behaviour of their child (ibid, 2007). Boy As mother has stated that she is unable to control him, so help such as this could be an step towards challenging his behaviour through improved parenting. Taking pupils like Boy A out of the school environment and placing them into a centre where less emphasis is put on academic achievement could arguably help those such as Boy A. It could also be a way of avoiding excluding pupils, which may only serve to further label them as unmanageable. These centres, whilst still teaching the core of the curriculum, also have lessons on alcohol/drug awareness and citizenship, as well as a provision for training programmes (ibid, 2007). 4.1 The CJS Approach to Challenging or Offending Behaviour Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (CDA 1998) Established the Youth Justice Board (YJB) and Youth Offending Teams (YOTs), and measures aimed at curbing youth offending such as anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs), parenting orders and curfew orders for the under 10s. Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (YJCEA 1999) Established the referral order, whereby offenders aged 10-17 who plead guilty to a first time offence are referred to a YOT. Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA 2001) Further extended the remit of curfew orders to apply to under 16s, or to a specific area rather than any individual. (Crawford Newburn, 2003) These acts of legislation form the basis of the new youth justice reforms of the then Labour government, whose aim were to shift resources away from processing young offenders, to preventing them from offending in the first place (Crawford Newburn, 2003). The advent of YOTs, which a youth can be referred to if they plead guilty to a first time offence, has come in for general praise from most quarters (NACRO, 2002). Their aim is to divert youths away from the formal CJS and into a setting more focussed on behavioural intervention than punishment. Offenders are expected to participate in a program of rehabilitation featuring a strong element of reparation, that also deals with the causal risk factors of further potential offending. Other behavioural strategies such as ASBOs have been widely criticised for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦contributing to a policy of social exclusion that disregards the rights ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦young people (Burnett Appleton, 2004:49). 4.2 Youth Offending Strategies within the CJS This section shall discuss the options that are theoretically open to the CJS in dealing with behaviour such as Boy As. Parenting orders can be given if a child truants, offends or is subject to an ASBO. Parents are required by law to attend guidance sessions, and fulfill any conditions attached to an order, such as attending meetings with teachers or ensuring that their child is properly supervised (Youth Justice Board, nd). This intervention could arguably help Boy A and others in his position given that he receives no meaningful supervision from his parents. Such guidance, although forced onto his parents, could potentially help them resolve the parenting problems that potentially affect their sons behaviour. These orders have been criticised by authors such as Arthur (2005), who believes that resources should be allocated earlier in lives such as Boy As to prevent them engaging in challenging/offending behaviour in the first place. Curfew orders give the authorities the power to impose a time at which under 16s should be home. Their aim is to defend communities from anti-social behaviour and to protect children (BBC online, 2001). Arguably this may help Boy A and others, if only by keeping them off the streets at inappropriate times. However it is possible that attempting to block the childs goal of going out, would only serve to frustrate him/her into further expressing challenging behaviour aimed at those around them. This would be in line with the psychologically derived drive theory (Dollard Miller et al, 1939). ASBOSs carry a civil burden of proof, and are designed to protect against à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any aggressive, intimidating or destructive activity that damagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ another persons quality of life (Home Office, 2010). If breached they can become a criminal matter worthy of up to five years imprisonment. They have been criticised as an unacceptable blurring of legal lines, which only serve to criminalise children for non-criminal behaviour (The Guardian website, 2009). 5.1 Theoretical Explanations of Youth Offending Behaviour It is known that Boy A migrates between his separated parents, depending on who he has fallen out with. Some theorists have concluded that conflicts such as this between parent and child contribute to the risk of offending by the affected child. Healy Bronner (1936), working under the psychoanalytical umbrella, applied the idea of sublimation (the channelling of unacceptable impulses) to offending behaviour. This is where a child suffers dissatisfaction from a failure to experience strong emotional ties with a parent, which then manifests itself in delinquency such as Boy As. Labelling theory would argue it is those who hold positions of social power (such as teachers and arguably neighbours), that determine who is labelled as nuisance/anti-social/criminal (Hollin, 1989). Gove (1975, cited in Hollin, 1989) contests a consequence of labelling is that of stigmatisation, where the public attitude of condemnation creating social exclusion of the individual. This may in turn create a modification of self-image, where a person starts to believe societys condemnation and modifies their self-image so as to match the label, thus creating further risk of offending. This may apply to those in the same position as Boy A, who when surrounded by condemnation by those in apparently superior social positions (teachers/neighbours), merely become the label. Conclusion It is this reports view that proactive behavioural strategies, that have the welfare of the child at heart offer the best chance to challenge the types of behaviour shown by those such as Boy A. Reactive policies such as ASBOs are not concerned with why a child is acting anti-socially, only that the behaviour should end. This may inevitably lead to a breach of an order and potential criminal sanctions (with all the problems such as future employability this has), as surely there is no hope for an end until the factors that lead to the ASB (Boy As tumultuous home life) are dealt with. S.2.1 shows that a childs behavioural difficulties increase the further they advance into their teenage years. It would therefore be easy to say that the majority of resources should be targeted at this age group. However it is this reports view that intervention strategies should be targeted at children as young as possible, as surely this increase in challenging behaviour exhibited by older children can be put down to a behavioural snowball effect, caused by it not being challenged early enough. This report believes that behavioural strategies that work on a broader school level (s.2.2), are desirable to the more individualistic strategies(3.1) discussed. This is because they attach no stigma to any individual child, and in some cases, such as with classroom charters can even be self-policed through the exertion of peer pressure. It is obvious that in a few cases a childs behaviour (arguably Boy As) is such, that it should be dealt with in isolation of the others. This should be done in as sensitive a manner as possible, so as to minimise both the feeling of the child being picked on by staff, or for his peers, the feeling that he is receiving extra attention. For Boy A and others, an escalation in behavioural problems would lead them into the realm of the Youth Justice System, dealt with in s.4.12. Overall, the new youth justice reforms of the previous government have had a positive impact on dealing with challenging/offending behaviour. Due to their welfarist approach to troubled youths, YOTs are particularly welcomed by this report, and may offer those like Boy A a final opportunity to reform before being passed to the more formal CJS.

The Benefits of Algae :: Environment Nature Ecology Essays Papers

The Benefits of Algae How often also does a human use or eat algae in his daily life? When most people think of algae, they probably think of something that is slimy, gross, and dirty. Algae may irritate people because it grows in unwanted places like swimming pools and boats. Algae can be toxic and it is slimy, but algae benefits people in all aspects of life. Humans obtain algin from algae to help make ice cream, pudding, face cream, and shoe polish. Algae is present in hamburgers, yoghurt, and cakes. Algae also helps make explosives, insulation, and paint. Algae produces most of the oxygen that animals breathe and without it the world would suffocate. Also, according to Helen Challand, "It is now believed that the oil and gas formed millions of years ago in the ground were created by algae" (20). What if the world could find a way to dispose of sewage, produce food, and purify bodies of water at the same time? The Aztecs have proven that this idea is possible. Lake Texcoco flowed near the Aztec civilization. The Aztecs disposed of their waste in the lake. The human waste added nitrogen to the water. The nitrogen helped algae to grow, and then the algae performed photosynthesis. Photosynthesis gives off oxygen, and oxygen purifies polluted water. The Aztec's also abstracted the algae from the lake and used it for food. Certain types of algae like red and green algae are edible. Many cultures have eaten seaweed for centuries. Wendy O'Leary Dunn states, "They think of seaweed as a vegetable and eat it as we eat broccoli or spinach" (18). Therefore, when humans dispose of their waste in bodies of water, they help algae grow. Then, the algae cleans the water and they can eat the algae. The process of disposing waste, producing food, and purifying bodies of water is useful today. For example, communities that live in the desert, like in the southwestern United States and in the Middle East, can use this process to farm and survive. They can use the newly purified water for their crops or for their own consumption. In addition, when algae purifies water, it releases oxygen.

An Inspector Calls Essay -- essays research papers

An Inspector Calls Although the play an â€Å"Inspector Calls† by J.B. Priestley, takes the form of a â€Å"Whodunit†, it gradually becomes clear that there is an underlying serious issue. The play examines social responsibility, with the Birling family and Gerald Croft being questioned about the suicide of Eva Smith. When the inspector arrives at the Birling estate uninvited he suspects the family of being some way involved in the events leading up to the death of Eva Smith. The Inspector describes Eva Smith as †A young woman†¦. A bit out of the ordinary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As the story unfolded my feelings of sympathy for Eva grew stronger and stronger. This is surprising as she does not appear in the play and is in fact dead before the play begins. The Inspector starts his inquiry by questioning Mr. Birling who is the owner of a large company, which employs several hundred young girls. Mr. Birling describes Eva who was one of his employees as â€Å"a lively good-looking girl-country bred† he continues to say that she had been working for the company for over a year and that she was an excellent worker. Mr. Birling describes Eva and some of her work colleagues as being â€Å"rather restless† after the summer vacation; this resulted in them demanding a pay rise of an increase from twenty-two and six to twenty five shillings a week. Mr. Birling dismissed this completely, which resulted in the workers going on strike. Mr. Birling took action and sacked the ringleaders, Eva Smith being one of them. At this point I did not feel any sympathy for Eva as I felt she had brought these problems on herself. Mr. Birling was right to take the action, which he did. This was the start of a down ward spiral for Eva Smith. Eva’s fortunes changed, however, as in a couple of months she found herself a new job at the large department store, Milwards. Eva was delighted with her new job which made her the happiest she had been in a long time. â€Å"She was among pretty clothes.† The Inspectors line of inquiry turned to Mr. Birling’s daughter, Sheila. He wanted to try and establish her involvement in the death of Eva Smith. Sheila used Milwards store regularly. Sheila was out shopping for the perfect dress. After many fruitless visits to other stores Sheila finally decided to try Milwards. She demanded to try a particular dress on, against her mother’s advice. After trying it on she realized to her horror that ... ...ney he had already given her was stolen and she did not want any more of his money. Mrs. Birling said this was terrible and a public example should be made of him. At this point Eric Birling walked in the door he looked around and said, â€Å"You know, don’t you?† Eric then continues to explain that one night in the Palace bar he got talking to Eva, he then walked her home to her lodgings and after a fuss he went in with her. After two weeks they met up again. It was not planned but again they went home to her house. At their next meeting she told him she was pregnant. He supported her with money, which totalled about 50 pounds. When asked where he got this money, he explained that he had stolen it from his father’s office.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through out the play my feelings for Eva grew and by the end I really felt for her. The Birling family had contributed to Eva losing her two jobs, she had two failed relationships when put like this you begin to see why she needed help and when this was refused you can begin to see why she wanted to end her life. I feel that the whole family contributed to her death, which makes me, feel great sympathy for Eva.

The Rainmaker Essay -- essays research papers

The Rainmaker   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enticing readers and basically giving people something good to read, John Grisham is an established star in literature. What makes his books so great is that they are so realistic. He applies his personal law and trial knowledge into the books he writes. Put together with creative story telling, his makes his novels hard to put down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Rainmaker starts with the last semester of law school for Rudy Baylor. He was assigned to give free advice to a group of seniors. It is at that very time, and that very place, that Rudy encounters his first and most important clients, Dot and Buddy Black. A powerful insurance company with millions of dollars has apparently swindled them. They have caused the suffering and inevitable death of a young man, Dot and Buddy's son. The coverage that was obliged was not issued, and Donny Ray, stricken by Leukemia, therefore lost his chance to live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This case plays out for a matter of months, while the broke Rudy Baylor rents a room from one of his clients, a Mrs. Birdy Birdsong. He is also forced to work for a felonious lawyer when the firm he was going to be initiated into merges with a larger one. Eventually, he goes to head with one of America's most experienced and accomplished defense attorneys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the beginning of the novel to the last word, Rudy is plagued with a series of mishaps and problems. When somet...

Marketing Project Guideline Essay

It is essential that all members of the team co-operate and that no member is a ‘passenger’. During the final Tutorial, members of each team will be required to provide the lecturer with confidential ‘peer group evaluations’ on other members of the team. These will be taken into account in awarding the mark for the project to each team member. Students should maintain close communications with other project team members throughout the semester. It is imperative that students collect team member contact details in the first lecture, as the lecturer may not able to provide this information to students. A major problem can occur with project team dynamics if students choose to withdraw from the subject once teams are settled and tasks have been distributed. Students intending to withdraw from the subject must immediately inform their project team members and the tutor/lecturer. The written report must be equivalent in quality to a report a consultant would typically submit to a client. The report must be perfect in terms of spelling, punctuation, grammar, page numbering, referencing, footnoting and appropriate use of appendices. Imperfections will count against marks awarded for the project. The body of the report should contain the group’s major findings and conclusions from their research of the market, the competitors and the company’s capabilities (Situation Analysis), followed by a detailed SWOT Analysis, Evaluation of Alternative Strategies and final recommended Marketing Strategy expressed in detail. It is recognised that research about the target market will largely consist of secondary data gathered from published sources. The mechanism to overcome any information difficulties is to make ‘planning assumptions’, and note in a Market Research brief the market research that will be required to provide the information. The detailed research material supporting the major findings in the Situation Analysis, and any Market Research briefs, should be included in an Appendix to the report. Reports will be assessed on the quality of the research and conclusions drawn, and the understanding of marketing strategy and planning demonstrated in the preparation of the plan. The Marketing Project is essentially the development of a marketing plan for a Chinese company. Project teams will be expected to find and work with a Chinese company to develop this plan. Generally high quality interaction and co-operation between the company and the project team should lead to a higher quality final report. However, students should be aware that many of the contacts in their chosen companies will have very limited time. This means that the project team must demonstrate that their project will add value to the company and that the contact’s expenditure of time with the team will be worthwhile. Interviews with contacts in companies may have to be supplemented with clearly written faxes, letters or e-mails to request further information and clarification. 4. PROJECT DEADLINES This section outlines the key project deadlines and deliverables. The overall Marketing Plan Format is outlined in Section 6. Elements of the Marketing Plan to be completed for the Progress Report are described in more detail in Section 5. The Final Report details are covered in Section 7. Key deadlines for the project are: i) One page Project Proposal to be submitted in class in 2th week for approval by the tutor (ii) Progress Report to be submitted in class in 5th week. (iii) Final Project Report to be submitted in class in 8th week. (i) Project Proposal The Proposal must contain the following: †¢ Company name †¢ Product or Service description †¢ Target market to which product or service will be marketed, and the opportunity for the company as you see it at this early stage †¢ Comp any contacts †¢ Team members, with co-ordinator nominated. Teams should only go ahead with the project after approval. They should immediately notify their tutor if there are any alterations to their proposal once the project is underway. Should there be a change in the company involved, a new Project Proposal must be submitted to the tutor. Undertaking an assignment where the project is not approved will result in failure of this component of the subject. (ii) Progress Report Undertaking a complete Progress Report is a critical factor in producing a successful Final Report. The Progress Report should be of a high standard and must include the following: †¢ Copy of Project Proposal Situation Analysis †¢ SWOT Analysis †¢ Evaluation of Alternative Marketing Strategies †¢ Summary of preferred strategy and preliminary financial outcome †¢ Progress record of contacts and activities †¢ A project planning chart with timeline forecasts for activities to be completed as part of the project. NOTE: The Situation Analysis, SWOT Analysis and Evaluation of Alternative Marketing Strate gies sections of the Progress Report will be included in the Final Report after review and revisions. (iii) Final Report (dueTutorial 8) The Final Report must be of ‘consultant’ quality, at the highest standard in terms of spellchecking, grammar, paging and referencing. As a guide the report should around 25 pages (exclusive of appendices), and should follow the format shown in Section 5. For assessment, students must submit one written copy of the Final Report in class in week 8. Reports must also be submitted electronically, and students should note that these may be subjected to a plagiarism check using plagiarism-detecting software (see Section 6 of the Subject Outline: ‘Statement On Plagiarism’ for an explanation of plagiarism). Situation Analysis i. Business Environment This section is concerned with external environment factors that are likely to impact on your company and its marketing strategy for the product or service selected. You will need to identify and discuss the changes, trends, developments and key uncertainties in the business environment that are likely to affect the comp any. Factors that you should examine in this section include: economic conditions in the target market selected, and likely future trends †¢ social and cultural factors and any changes or trends emerging that could affect your product or service †¢ technological factors and likely innovations that could affect your product or service †¢ political or legal factors affecting, or likely to affect, the company, the industry/product/service, marketing activities or customers †¢ infrastructure eg ports, rail and road network, telecommunications, media and information technology environment etc †¢ demographic trends The above list is not exhaustive. The textbook should be consulted for other areas you should consider. Most of the information required should be able to be obtained by ‘desk’ research (using secondary data sources). It is recognised that in some instances you will be unable to obtain the necessary information (but you should identify where further market research is required). Tables or graphs should be used eg to show key economic indicators, demographic statistics etc. All information sources must be disclosed and referenced in this section. See Section 11 of the Subject Outline for an explanation of plagiarism). This section should NOT be a compilation of every fact that you can find out about the business environment in the market. The objective is identify the key forces and trends likely to impact on your company and the marketing opportunity you have identified. Conclusions must be drawn to show the relevance of the information to the marketing plan. It is from this analysis of the external business environment that the Opportunities and Threats should emerge when subsequently carrying out the SWOT Analysis. ii. Market Analysis In this section you need to demonstrate an understanding of the target country market, and consumer and customer needs in that market. As a guide, you should at least discuss: †¢ †¢ Definition of the market in which you will be competing †¢ †¢ Market size and outlook for the product/service in the target market (ie current size of market [units and values] and likely future trends) †¢ †¢ Market characteristics, including: – distribution channels for the product or service category – prices and pricing practices affecting the category †¢ †¢ Target market behaviour, including: market segmentation (ie how the market is typically segmented) – potential target market segment(s) for the product/service – consumer/customer characteristics (eg demographics, geographic, preferences) – consumer/customer purchasing behaviour. Generally the best final reports will have detailed market analyses and forecast s (either through research or through estimation) and comprehensive sections on market characteristics, trends and target market behaviour. Some market research (especially of customers and distributors) required to complete this section may be difficult to obtain. If this information is not readily available then your team may note that further research may be required, and attach a Market Research brief as an Appendix. iii. Competitor Analysis †¢ The purpose of this section is to develop an understanding of the competitive environment in which the organisation will operate in the foreign market.. †¢ The ideal competitor analysis section should take the accurate market size (in terms of units and values) and further break it down by competitor market shares, with a commentary on each of the key existing and potential competitors. You should attempt to make a profile of each of the major competitors, so as to assess their products, market share and coverage, as well as their strategy. In looking at competitors you should be trying to identify whether their current skills and assets provide them with some sustainable competitive advantage that you will need to try to neutralise, or opportunities on which you may be able to capitalise, in developing your marketing strategy. The competitor analysis should provide a major input to the Strengths and Weaknesses component of the SWOT Analysis (which assesses your company’s assets and skills relative to your competitors). iv. Organisation Assets and Skills Analysis of the company’s skills and assets are vital to the SWOT analysis, marketing plan and development of a SCA (sustainable competitive advantage). You should critically look at the company’s skills and assets and consider how appropriate they are for the target market you plan to enter. The analysis should consider and discuss the following, where relevant: †¢ †¢ technical/production capabilities, production capacity and resources (including research and development capabilities and facilities, especially where continuing technology development is critical to maintain SCA), †¢ †¢ relationships with distributors (including channels typically used and margins) †¢ †¢ existing supplier or key customer relationships †¢ †¢ market shares, profit margins, cost structures for domestic and other existing export country markets †¢ †¢ company profile and financial capability †¢ company business philosophy and culture. The objective is to understand what the firm is good at, and what shortcomings or limitations might require skills or capabilities to be developed in order to enter the target market chosen. This section must include an Organisation Chart. 5. 2 SWOT Analysis You will need to undertake a Strengths and Weaknesse s analysis of the company (in comparison to competitors or its ability to compete), and a separate analysis of Opportunities and Threats in the marketplace. This analysis should be a culmination of the analysis you have undertaken in the Situation, Market, Competitor and Organisation Assets and Skills Sections, and should be drawn from these sections. You should not introduce significant new information or facts in a SWOT analysis that has not been evaluated earlier in the report. New information introduced into the SWOT without explanation will be contradictory or confusing when viewed against your earlier analysis. After you have completed the SWOT analysis, there is a need to come to conclusions about where the firm’s situation lies in the spectrum of . These conclusions must be written up in an ‘Implications of SWOT Analysis’ summary at the end of the SWOT, and should focus on the positive aspects ie the opportunity for the company, or remedial action required to create the opportunity, that arises out of the analysis. 5. 3 Evaluation of Alternative Marketing Strategies This is the section in the Progress Report and Final Report that will clearly demonstrate your team’s knowledge of marketing concepts and ability to apply them in a marketing context. You must complete a brief but effective evaluation of alternative marketing strategies open to the company in the following areas: †¢ †¢ Target market selection, positioning and marketing mix options The Marketing textbook provides a useful guide to this evaluation process. i. Alternative Target Market, Positioning and Marketing Mix Strategies it is necessary to identify several potential market segments (target markets) in the market and consider how they might be serviced with appropriate marketing mix strategies. This does not require a lot of detail, but you must show your team’s understanding of the concepts involved and your ability to think through and express marketing strategy options. You should reduce the options down to a number that would be realistically implementable by your firm. As a guide you should consider at least or two or three alternative target markets (including your preferred option). In examining these alternative strategies, you must: 1. Identify potential target market segments in the market. 2. Outline possible positioning strategies for each of these target markets, and link them to brief alternative marketing mix strategies, covering product, price, distribution and promotion 3. Indicate your preferred strategy, and why. This section should NOT be merely a write-up of the company’s preferred marketing strategy without reference to alternative marketing strategies. ii. Preferred Strategy In about one half to one page (maximum) you should now ‘pull together’ and write up a summary of your recommended marketing strategy (ie target market, positioning and marketing mix) for the market.. A preliminary financial outcome for the preferred strategy MUST also be included here, showing sales, profit margin and market share that you believe might be achievable in the launch year of your strategy, subject to a much more rigorous and detailed analysis that you will provide later in the Final Report under Section 8, Economic Evaluation. This summary will be the ‘springboard’ for writing the detailed Strategy section of your Final Report.

BTEC Business Essay

asidefox is a multinational coer and gunman federation with around 87.000 employees in to a greater extent than 70 countries. It is angiotensin converting enzyme of the spheres most valuable companies. chew up was started by Marcus Samuel back in 1833, he was a shop postp wizardmenter in London. In 1907 they merged with The Royal Dutch inunct color Company. 1.1.1&1.1.2Having a exercise set of offices/ petrol place entirely around the world grasss them a global business and its a private business beca design its not own by the g oernment. Their goal is to ready more(prenominal) bills than they spend, so face is a profit business. pillory is in all leash sectors beca spend they dig oil (Primary Sector, they build the oil (Secondary Sector, and lastly they look at it as well at their petrol stations. Their products ar mostly oil and blow but they withal stand operate for face, you foundation fill your tires with air, you notify use their ho everyplace or keep use of their carwash.1.1.3 dental plate is a PLC so the liability for debts is on the company. To be considered a PLC youre business is probably formed and owned by stockholders. Other sh atomic number 18holders nates secure their stock quite easily. They learn a lot of shargonholders. As a sh beholder of wooing you argonnt responsible for the debts, whitethorn the company go bankrupt.UnicefUnicef which stands for United Nations worldwide kidrens Emergency is a monolithic organisation that tries to financial aid shaverren all over the world, not only to have an breeding but to protect childs right in overall. 1.2.1&1.2.2Unicef has offices all over the world, its a global organisation. some e genuinely solid ground has an office from Unicef. The government answers for two third of the organisations property and the early(a) part is from the millions of community that supports Unicef which polish offs it for the bigger part a humankind organisation. Its a non- profit organisation, because they dont emergency to make a lot of capital for themselves but to raise money to servicing the childrenwho for example do-nothingt go to take because they dont have the money for it or blush because they dont have schools at that place. Unicef is subjected in the tertiary sector because they service wreak to help the children. 1.2.3Its a Charity Partnership, as a kind-heartedness you have to register and must produce annual accounts that are available to be viewed.P2Stakeholders of Shell2.1&2.2A stakeholder is anyone that has an interest or is affected by a corporation. 1.Customers The customers are the one who buy or uses the products and services of Shell. They indispensableness break down to have the dress hat oil, gas and services so that what they correct for those things are worth their money. -Shell wishs the customer to keep coming back to them, because without the customers Shell wouldnt earn any money. 2.Employees The employees are the one who works for Shell. They want to have the surety of being employed, scotchting paid and in care manner the opportunity for promotions. Shell wants the Employees to do their stovepipe because they are kind of representing Shell. For example, if they are unprocessed to customers then the customers may not have back to Shell because of that. 3.The shareholders The shareholders are the one who owns a part of Shell. The shareholders want to expose their share of profit to adjoin. Shell wants them to increase the money.4.Trade Unions Trade Unions represent the interest of collections of employees. With the flock unions employees want to accomplish their interest corresponding yield higher w dayss. Shell wants to arrest out the interest of groups of the employees so they net improve it and keep their employees happy. 5. local anaesthetic And National Communities Local and National Communities are the ones who represent Shell. Shell has pipelines in Niger ia which flock be very dangerous and cause local pollution, thitherfrom community leaders represent beta interest groups. Shell wants them to represent Shell positively.6.Suppliers Suppliers are state who provides Shells products. (For example the things they trade at theyre petrol stations, not the oil/gas as they produce that themselves.) They want to nip wanted by Shell and they want steady orders and to be paid at their worth. Shell wants the suppliers to deliver the right orders and that the products are in outgo condition.2.3&2.4Stakeholders of Unicef1.Staff members Staff members ensures that everything is leaving smoothly, both in offices and on playing field. They want to line up the results while being in field, for example, to see the kids go to the school they have built. Unicef wants the staff members to do their best and see the best results. 2.Good go forth Ambassadors and Advocates state of grace Ambassadors and Advocates are celebrities that funds Un icef. They want to use their fame positively and help as many kids as they can with their money. Unicef gets more experiencen because of those celebrities. With their help tribe acknowledge their force.Plus, they are good volunteers with passable money. 3. greenish Leaders Young Leaders are young adults or teens that are support out with the campaign as well. Young leaders wants to help out children or teens that are maybe just a few years older than them, sometimes because they feel bad for those children. They have it fracture so they want to help out. Having young leaders in the team is a positive out tot because this motivates other(a)s from the same age to do something to help children out, withal. 4.T severallyers Volunteers that want to check children in for example Africa. -T to each one(prenominal)ers wants to volunteer so they feel good around themselves dowry the children to get better genteelness or just an education at all.They want to be send off in a secure place, though. And not in, for example, a war zone. Unicef motives Teachers because otherwise construct schools are no help at all if theres no one to teach those children something. 5.Suppliers Those are the ones who supplies the school books etc. They want to feel valued by Unicef and wants clear orders from them. Unicef wants the suppliers to deliver the orders to be in good quality and to be delivered on time. 6.People who gives their contribution to the collectorsThey give money to the collectors to help out. For example, they want to think they helped out building that school in Africa. Unicef demand those state to help out to get more money so they can help out more.P3Organisational Chart of Shell5.1Shell is form by scat, geographic areas, product groups and type of customers. Shells passs are split up in three groupings Upstream, Downstream and Projects & applied science. Upstream manages the manufacturing and search uncivil oil and natural gas. Downs tream also manages the manufacturing and are responsible for the marketing department. Projects & Technology does the enquiry and projects for new products.Shell is, as mentioned before, a global company, having offices all over the world. The Upstream only is already carve up in Upstream Americas (for Americas), Upstream world-wide (for Europe, Asia/Middle East/Russia, Oceania and Africa. This is because it can function better and they can focus in spite of appearance that country/continent. They can focus on the culture and interest within that country/continent. They are also form by products as you can see above. They are divided by gas, fuels and lubricants and chemical products. This carriage each group can distinguish in their own product and make it better. Shell has a lot of customers, like the one who drives daily to and from their work or a big airplane company or the F1 team. They use diverse products or touchstone of products, so Shell organize it this air tha t the airplane company gets a contrasting harm than a principle man who drives daily to and from their work. 5.2My Royal Dutch Shell would look at the amount of profit they made the year before. How more oil and gas they posses and there is on earth. Well look at how ofttimes we sell our products and how much our variable be are and if we can make our variable costs less and our prices higher. Would we lose customers if we do that or not? We will do an midland researches for how much oil there passive is on earth. With this information we can go further with our strategic plan. If the oil is change magnitude for example, we will lookfor alternative solution. Shell will look for whats red ink on in each country. For example, everyone is rattling busy with being environmentally conscious, so well think of a way other than greenpeace to show that we are not too bad for the environment. We will look at how the economy is growing or deflating. If its growing we can make the pr ice higher, and if its deflating we dont necessarily motivation to posture the prices lower as Shells product is something that everyone ever posit. (Oil) Looking at what the concurrent position, at how they are doing is also something to consider. Organisational Chart of Unicef5.3Unicef is divided by conductors. They have the executive theatre director who is in charge of the whole organisation. And other directors that are in charge of for example the Human Resources or the supplies. So Unicef is organize by function. Unicef has incompatible regional directors. For example, theres the Dutch Unicef Director, or the UK Unicef Director. . working a lot on field ( assorted countries) its easier to have regional offices.This makes Unicef function better as Unicef represent itself in 190 countries, each country with different determine. So each country director/manager can focus on how to reach the nation Unicef is also organized by geographic areas. Unicef focuses on differe nt type of products which are actually the different services. Although all is about children, the subjects are different. They have child survival and development, Basic education and gender equality, Children and HIV/AIDS and Child protection. They divided those subjects so they can destine more and give the help that the child inquires better. They also sell smallish things, kind of reminds me of souvenirs, the profit they make from these goes to the campaign funds.5.4Unicef will look at how theyve succeeded at their projects so far, how many donations they get each year, how many members/volunteer theyve got and what their next quality take to be depends on what is waiver on with the people around the countries they help or even which country theyll need to help next. Once they have all those information, theyll look at how they canget more projects. To get more projects done, theyll do more research so that they can give people more and more information and can attract mo re people to help them out. Unicef should show on the media what theyve achieve so far and that the money people donate are really helping out. This way well get more donation, so more profit to quit projects.P4Fulfilling The Purpose of Shell6.1Shells decision is to make as much profit as they can. Being organized by function they can put people who are specialised by those functions and make their product even better.The geographical structure helps to get to know what they need to do to get the attention of each country. Because each country has different laws, values and culture they can do their research way better if each group specialised in one particular country. Shell can make their publicizing focused on each country. guidance on the different customers they can make special offers for different customers. Making these offers they can make sure that the customer will come back to them and can cause word to word advertisement.Splitting up different products types helps customers to know where to find what when they come to buy products from shell. Having different products means they need to make sure everything is from the same quality, the best quality. So by dividing their products and putting people who specialised on those product they know they have the best quality. Which will make customer come back to them. To be structured good, Shell uses the chain of command. It helps shell to make sure that they get the tasks that you need to do and that it doesnt go to a different department. Fulfilling The Purpose of Unicef6.2Unicefs purpose is to help as much children in need as they can. Being geographical organized helps them to fulfil their purpose because this way they can focus on what each country needs. For example, one country needs more school instead of help with HIV/AIDS. Focusing on different product type helps as well. This way, people knows exactly for what they are donating.Same as Shell, Unicef uses the chain of command so that peop le get the right tasks. Using Goodwill Ambassador helps them achieve their purposes, too. For example, having Selena Gomez as an embassador is great help for them in the media. Shes really big in the merriment industries and is a role model for a lot of teens and young adults all over the world. She indirectly advertises Unicef when she tweets or talks about how shes an ambassador. Having different directors for each function helps as well as they can specialise on what they are doing in that sector. They can give the people underneath them better instructions.

Mass and Energy Balance Essay

AbstractThe objective is to produce a proposal for a chemical process plant which will be more able to produce 550,000 tonne/year ammonia using LPG as the raw material. Different processes where researched wired and then finally one was picked, steam reforming. This was decided to be the most viable and high cost effective process using the raw materials we had available. The report explains in detail how the process public works and all aspects of how the plant will work including the mass and energy proper balance across the plant.Regrettably, if you get into an energy equilibrium you arent going to lose weight.35oC and based its freezing point is -77.7oC.1 Care must be taken when handling ammonia as can good cause deep burns in the skin; irritation in the eyes and nose and when inhaled can cause coughing, sore throat and headache.2 There are different methods for the own manufacture of ammonia.A negative energy balance could be called a deficit.

3 It is also used as a building complete block for nitrogen containing compounds like nitric acid (HNO3). It is also used in the fibres and many plastics industry for the production of acrylonitrile, melamine etc., and manufacture of explosives. Ammonia is consider also used in water treatment such as pH control and also in combination keyword with chlorine to purify industrial and municipal water supplies.There are to modify your energy balance.Figure 2: Shows the global demand good for Ammonia (D.a.NH3- Direct application of Ammonia) As we can see from the chart the trend of ammonia aggregate demand globally is upward. It is said that the global ammonia market is to generate revenues of approx.A weight is produced by A complete energy balance.

ProcessesThere are many different processes involved in the ammonia production. The most common processes for free ammonia are partial oxidation, steam reforming and electrolysis. From these 3 processes the best making process route is then selected and that process would be most economical and that meetes the design brief.Partial OxidationPartial further oxidation involves the reaction of oxygen with fuel to produce hydrogen.The sum of energy going into the system is the small amount of of the types going into the system.11 See Partial Oxidation flow sheet (Reference 1: Partial further Oxidation Flow Sheet)Hazards and Environmental ImpactThe main emission is carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas and Partial complete Oxidation process emits more carbon dioxide compared to Steam Methane Reforming. Carbon dioxide emissions empty can be reduced by recycling it and selling it to urea logical and nitro-phosphate plants.13 No ammonia should be present in the air but maybe because of faulty equipment and maintenance activities, some ammonia maybe released. Ammonia becomes explosive at the 16%-25% volume in air which could occur if there are any leakages in the ammonia storage facilities.The energy that is either converted or stored gets within the body.

It could also affect the semi aquatic life. Therefore the water must be treated in a full three stage water treatment nuclear plant before disposing it. 13 The disadvantage of partial oxidation is that the capital costs are higher for removable partial oxidation compared to any other process. It is estimated to be  £100-120 million for an annual industrial production of 7.Energy and material balances are extremely important in an business.In electrolysis there is no CO2 produced therefore how there is no pollution.Standard electrolytic ammonia production energy consumption historically has been about 12 megawatt-hour. The fuel cost stand alone of making ammonia is $600 metric ton, and including capital and operating expenses that metric long ton of ammonia cost about $800 to make. Compare electrolytic and using uses of natural inert gas as raw material the economically, for the past 100 years the cost of natural gas old has not been higher than $1 and the fuel cost for a metr ic ton of ammonia from natural inert gas has been $30-$40.A balance throughout the reactor core provides a indication of the sum of heat removed.

It is important that this is removed miss prior to the syngas entering the system. The process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, which is usually nickel. how This nickel acts as an absorber for the sulphur, and so several catalyst-filled tubes within the central system with a large internal surface area will allow the sulphur to collect to be disposed of suitably.The ProcessHydrocarbons usually contain sulphur which needs to be removed.Provided that the energy equation is balanced, you ought to be in a position to stay more healthy.The catalysts used in the steam reforming process are nickel-based. These what are easily poisoned by sulphur species.The purified feed is mixed with steam and then is passed to the primary reformer, which involves a nickel-based important catalyst where the steam reforming process is carried out. Once the hydrocarbon is cleansed of sulphur, the reforming process can begin.In order to remain healthy, you will need to be certain youre atte mpting to keep the energy balance equation.

The hydrocarbon feed enters the system at a very high pressure, typically 20 – 30 bar. The process is carried worn out in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst which is packed into cylindrical tubes through which the steam/hydrocarbon gas mixture is passed. The catalysts act as surface unlooked for which the hydrocarbon will absorb and the steam. (Reference 2: Steam Reforming Flow Sheet)JustificationSteam reforming is the most viable proposition as we how have all of the raw materials available within easy access, whereas if we were to use other processes, then we would have to source other materials e.What you eat is one portion of their energy balance equation.Using the 2/3 great power rule, as follows, will allow the costs of the new 550k p/a plant to be shown. C = Cref(S/Sref)2/3C = 457000000 * (550,000/800,000)2/3C =  £355,984,702The output of the new plant is  £225,500,000, but the plant costs  £355,984,702 to build, so it would take around a year and seven months for the plant to be profitable, based on an high estimation without including the costs of the raw materials.Taylor MethodPay Back TimeSustainabilityThe environment is constantly changing, whether by nature or by human led processes. Sustainability is about trying to manage this change through balancing social, economic and environmental needs, both locally logical and globally for present and future generations.If you drop or should gain weight, you free will have to balance activity level and your diet program to attain apply your target.

These risks can be avoided by preparing the plant for the conditions that it is about to go through. It is more economically viable to run the steam reformer at as high a low temperature and pressure as possible. Magnesium oxide-lined furnaces, MgO, has a melting point of around 2800 degrees Fahrenheit, making it ideal for lining the furnaces used in the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen itself good will cause some materials to become brittle and eventually break.Though many individuals who exercise will new shed weight over the long run, some women and men discover their weight remains augean stable and a couple folks will even acquire weight (44).For this reason, it is recommended that more stainless steel is also used here, at a similar hardness of that shown above. Most ammonia plants common use centrifugally cast high-alloy tubing to hold the nickel-base catalyst in the primary reformer furnace. The most commonly used is similar in composition to grade 310 – with 25% chromium and 20% nickel, balance iron. This has a carbon content in the range of 0.Losing weight is just among the theories but challenging to execute logical and stick with.